Business Law (Books and Journals)

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

Bunkers in Albania are emblematic of the country’s tumultuous past. With approximately 170, 000 documented bunkers, each varying in spatial typology, geographical position, and structural features, these structures were built to shelter army troops and thwart foreign invasions (Kristo and Jojic, 2020). For nearly half a century, Albania’s isolation encapsulated its people within a heavily guarded

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

The revenues collected from taxes and levies constitute the largest part of the State budget. These revenues are significant as, without them, the State’s financial activities cannot be carried out, nor can the public needs of society be met. More revenue from taxes and levies means more schools, kindergartens, nurseries, hospitals, roads, and more services for the community, drafting effective...

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of Shkodra lake waters in terms of physical-chemical and microbiological parameters, knowing that many people frequent this water lake to bath in spring and summer. Lake Shkodra is the largest freshwater body on the Balkan Peninsula. It covers an area of about 370-600 km2 and is shared between Montenegro and Albania. Evaluation of Lake Shkodra

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

Article 13 of the ECHR provides that: “Every person whose rights and freedoms recognized by this Convention have been violated, has the right to lodge an effective appeal before a national institution even when this violation has been committed by persons acting within the exercise of their official functions”. The right to effective appeal is a fundamental human right and implies the right of...

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

While Albania has experienced significant economic growth, it has also faced environmental degradation and social inequality. The article reviews important policies and strategies that Albania has implemented to achieve key transitions around energy, food and digital connectivity, underpinned by expanded access to social protection and decent jobs, and education and skills for the future, which...

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

One of the most important pieces of evidence provided by the Criminal Procedure Code (hereinafter: CPC), is evidence with an expert, which is taken in cases when the proceeding body for resolving a specific case needs special technical, scientific or cultural knowledge. The lawmaker, as for any evidence provided in the CPC, provides for the notification of the receipt of this evidence to the...

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

Microorganisms are natural inhabitants of beach sands. The levels of pathogenic microorganisms in beach sands can increase through direct deposition from human activities, wastewater discharges, and animals. In this study, the presence of pathogenic microorganisms and faecal pollution (E. coli and E. faecalis) was evaluated in the sandy beach of Velipoja, which was monitored during the period...

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

In 1991 students filled the squares of Tirana under the slogans “We want Albania like Europe”, only few of them would have imagined that after 32 years from the fall of the communist regime, Albania would still be waiting to be part of the European family. The most optimistic thought that, once the regime fell, freedom and democracy would triumph and the integration process would take only a few...

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

Pulmonary diseases are ranked fourth for the high mortality rate, after those tumoral, cardiological or even strokes, which immediately lead to the fatal loss of life. Smoking is listed among the main causes of pulmonary diseases. In addition, another risk factor is air pollution. The main air pollutants are: Carbon monoxide, CO, Dioxide of carbon CO2, Sulfur dioxide SO2, Nitrogen dioxide NO2,...

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

Women entrepreneurs are increasingly shaping the global economic landscape, driv- ing innovation, and contributing to socio-economic development. Despite their grow- ing presence, they face unique challenges that differ from their male counterparts, including gender bias, limited access to capital, and balancing business and family responsibilities. This paper explores the barriers women...

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

Albania’s law excludes from criminal liability persons in cases of possession for per- sonal use of small doses of narcotic and psychotropic substances. This matter has also been addressed by the Albanian Supreme Court in its unifying criminal decisions. Being aware of this exclusion, persons who possess narcotics and psychotropic sub- stances pay attention to keeping with them only such small...

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

This paper investigates the intricate relationship between corporate strategy and sus- tainable development goals (SDGs) as outlined by the United Nations. Building upon extensive literature review, the research hypothesizes that corporations can signifi- cantly contribute to sustainable development while enhancing their long-term viabil- ity through strategic alignment with SDGs. To address this

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

In a criminal process, the evidence constitutes one of the most important components of the burden of proof. In today’s reality, where technological devices and information technology are undergoing an unstoppable development, electronic evidence in the criminal process is increasingly reflecting a great practical importance, which directly affects not only the investigation and trial of criminal

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

The court is the only constitutional body that delivers justice. One of the functional competences of the court is also giving justice through legal qualification of the criminal offense. The court has the right to make the legal qualification of the criminal offense and this is its exclusive competence. It is important for the court, when making the legal qualification of the criminal offense,...

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

Due process of law is not just a right. As a constitutional principle, it extends to some basic human rights and freedoms, with which legal procedures are carried out. It is a guarantee of vital importance in any democratic society, the responsibility for ensuring which falls on the justice system.

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

The integration of Albania in the EU is one of the greatest aspirations that Albanian citizens have in their future. The effort to adapt the workforce of Albanian citizens to the European market has been positive. This can be seen in the number of Albanian women who have moved and continue to move in the EU countries. The emancipation of women has led to an increase in the level of education and...

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

This article investigates if there are any changes in student motivation and participation in class when using interactive language learning apps to teach English as a foreign language (EFL) at the university level in Tirana, Albania. These applications which provide dynamic and engaging platforms, have become widespread due to the integration of technology in educational settings. The study...

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

Objective: The purpose for conducting the review is to examine studies which have been carried out on Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) in hospitals using Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). We will determine if these studies take into account institutional categories. Introduction: The developing application of KPIs in hospitals takes into account some particular conditions for OHS in the...

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

Climate played a huge role in every change in the historical course of planet Earth. Even today, it is a topic that inspires experts to think and undertake initiatives for sustainable development based on the principles of green transition. However, in conditions where 99% of European businesses are micro, small and medium, it is clear that the progression of European countries towards the goal...

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

English contract law pays great attention to the terms of exclusion or limitation of contractual liability that the parties may provide in a contract. This is due to the fact that these terms can be considered as a social problem, since they are a means by which the contracting parties seek to avoid liability for non-fulfillment of contractual obligations. In this sense, these terms constitute an

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

The United Nations Conference and Trade Development (2000) explains that double taxation has caused the occurrence of jurisdictional vacuums as well as conflicts. This is because most nations lack the necessary definitions of income classification. Thus leads to a person being considered as a resident by two or more states by virtue of the divergent perspectives held by the states involved. Such...

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

The right to freedom of expression, not without purpose provided for in the first amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, is one of the main basic rights on which modern democratic states were founded. The enjoyment of this freedom is closely related to a series of other equally basic rights, such as freedom of belief, freedom of organization, the right not to be harassed...

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

The literary style of modernist authors like James Joyce (1882-1941) and William Faulkner (1897-1962) is deeply experimental. Their complexity is intertwined with the desire to retell local, national stories as seen through the eyes of losers from which small literary cosmoses are the desires result to re-adapt domestic spaces. This research does not leave a path for the use of language as a...

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

Regarding the World Health Organization (WHO), health is defined as complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not only as the absence of disease and infirmity. Healthy and safe food is a basic human need and at the same time a condition for good health. To survive and to carry out its normal activity, the organism needs energy, which it receives through safe food products obtained...

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

Albania’s higher education system has been through dynamic changes and challenges after the fall of the dictatorship in 1990. Till 2007 there were only state owned universities, but starting from 2017 the high education sector was liberalized. Connections with Erasmus+ as an ambitious EU program that has played an essential role in shaping the landscape of international education and fostering...

• Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

Traffic accidents are unexpected and unpleasant cases on the road, which often have consequences of damage to cars, people’s injuries and in more severe cases lead to death. These events occur for various reasons and can be the result of factors such as high speed, disregard for traffic signals, alcohol, unused safety belt, technical vehicle problems, bad weather conditions and dangerous drivers’

• European Management Review

• European Management Review

Pressures to publish prolifically have led to an abundance of research on trivial matters rather than on issues of significance. This trend is particularly pronounced in developing countries, where limited access to paid content has fueled the growth of open‐access publications. Additionally, the prevailing “publish or perish” culture has encouraged the pursuit of inconsequential and conformist...

• European Management Review

We conducted a general, semi‐systematic literature review on organizational justice. Based on this review, we first explored the various ways in which organizational justice was conceptualized. Second, we explained the importance of organizational justice by reviewing and synthesizing theoretical frameworks in organizational justice research and studies that analyzed the effects of justice on...

• European Management Review

Argyris & Schön's notion of two types of learning, single‐loop (SLL) and double‐loop learning (DLL), is arguably one of the most popularized categorizations of organizational learning (OL). However, while the concept of DLL is widely cited, it has left a superficial impact on the literature and practice. We argue that the limited impact of DLL is due to two features of DLL: the complexity of its...