Balkan Journal of Interdisciplinary Research

Publisher:
International Institute For Private Commercial And Competition Law (IIPCCL)
Publication date:
2020-09-18
ISBN:
2410-759X

Issue Number

Latest documents

  • How unemployment in different age groups is affected by tourism

    This study investigates the impact of tourism growth on unemployment rates across different age groups in Albania, using annual data from 2001 to 2022. We find that an increase in the number of tourists significantly reduces unemployment for the 20-34 age group, while it increases unemployment for those over 35 years old. No significant effect is found for the 16-19 age group. This suggests that policies promoting tourism development should consider potential negative consequences for older workers and implement measures to mitigate these effects.

  • Assessment of grazing capacity in subalpine and alpine summer pastures of Gjirokastra district

    The article analyzes the summer pastures of the habitats of the Çajupi, Nëmërçka, Murgana, Trebeshina, Dhëmbeli and the Luca mountain in Southern Albania. This research aims to establish on a scientific basis the problems of livestock breeding in subalpine and alpine summer pastures in the Gjirokastra district. After determining the test areas that would be analyzed, they were marked and, at the time of reaching the full vegetation for the pasture, the biomass of these plots was collected and it converted in dry biomass and, based on of the norms given in the part of the work methodology, the pasture capacity of sheep was determined for each pasture habitat taken into analysis. These results were compared with those known from local literature and experience, as well as with those currently practiced by the Forest and Pasture Directorates of the municipalities of this district.

  • Memory of wheat to repeated Heat Stress during pre-anthesis could be responsible for improved tolerance

    Risk imposed by high temperatures (HT) to the quality and yield of cereals, requires evaluation of naturally resistant resources, and finding of methods to improve it. In this research, were analyzed the tolerance to HT of 19 winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) in use in Albania, and the possible memory gained to the repeated stress, before anthesis. Biometric (root, shoot, leafs length), physiological (fine root cells death, Relative Water Content-RWC), and biochemical parameters (chla, chlb, carotenoids and xantophylls, and total carbohydrates) were measured, and the impact of a short shock (SS) at 42°C/2hrs versus a longer treatment (LT) at 38-35°C/24hrs on pigment synthesis, and on the expression of rubisco activase (Rca1) coding gene were investigated. A classification system was built to describe the tolerance to HT, and cultivars were grouped via UPGMA, and PCoA. Results show that SS impacted pigment synthesis more than LT, while expression of Rca1 was cultivar-specific; In a group of 19 cultivars under two treatments (T1, T2) at 30°C, the vulnerable: moderately tolerant: tolerant were 4: 11: 5, and 3:9:7, respectively. Values were cultivar-specific for single parameters, yet a general trend was evident for some. Improved tolerance to repeated stress was described as gained stress memory.

  • TRIPS Agreement and the experience of Kenya regarding patents and compulsory licensing of HIV/AIDS drugs

    Although the TRIPS Agreement establishes minimum standards for the protection of intellectual property, it also leaves some room for policy interpretation by WTO members, whether they are developed or developing nations. This allows them to implement the Agreement’s provisions in a variety of ways and to enact legislation in areas that are not covered by the Agreement’s minimum standards. The Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health specifically recognizes the importance of the implementation of TRIPS flexibilities for the design of a pro-competitive intellectual property system and, in particular, for achieving public health objectives. The paper draws general aspects of the TRIPS agreement, requirements to be part of the TRIPS agreement, implementation of patent protection, the DOHA declaration and lastly a case study regarding compulsory licensing of HIV/AIDS drugs.

  • The role of group work techniques for children with special needs in primary education

    The aim of this research is to highlight the role of collaboration through the implementation of group work techniques for children with special needs, compared to other techniques that focus on individual work. The objectives of this paper include: exploring various strategies that prioritize group work, highlighting children’s areas of achievement during the implementation of group work techniques, and evaluating their influence on meeting the standards for children with special needs, among other aspects. Furthermore, this paper includes a comparative analysis of the use of group work techniques versus individual work techniques, emphasizing their respective advantages and disadvantages. The methodology applied in this paper is a combination of qualitative methods, consisting of a literature review on the aforementioned issues, as well as quantitative methods, which focus on the analysis and interpretation of the data collected from the study. The instrument for gathering these data is a questionnaire for teachers, composed of 17 testable items, divided in two main sections: General information about the teachers and data on the techniques and strategies used in the classroom.

  • Generative approach to the structure of negative sentences in Albanian

    This paper examines the components of negative sentences in Albanian from the perspective of generative linguistics. Main aim is to analyze the functions and positions of negative elements in the structure of Albanian sentences, providing a comparison with other languages to highlight the universal features and specificities of Albanian.

  • Technological revolution and the reconfiguration of Human Life – A philosophical approach

    The fate of man used to depend on the “mercy” of nature. He left everything that happened in nature to chance. Nature wants it to happen that way. The only salvation for him would be if he adapted to nature’s plan. With the development of technology, people think differently about humans. He will no longer be seen as “the two-legged animal that cannot separate itself from nature.” Like the animal whose destiny is written in nature. Technology is the fact that man can surpass himself. He not only appears differently under the optics of technology, but also challenges nature by giving it a different look. As technology evolves, it conquers nature, overcomes the fate dependent on nature and changes it. It changes its destiny, even itself. With technology, he reconfigures his existence. What does that mean? We see it in many different areas of life where technology is reconfiguring humans as “God” who has the power to change. For example; at work, in education, in healthcare and in communication, new technological tools have made it easier to achieve goals. Technological development makes us see the world differently, connects us to the world differently and changes it. It is a lighthouse that, alongside the world, alongside nature, also illuminates the meaning of our being and our existence.

  • Digital Property and Civil Law: Navigating legal challenges and opportunities in Albania’s evolving legal framework

    In the rapidly evolving landscape of the digital age, the concept of property has expanded beyond traditional physical assets to include intangible forms of ownership such as digital property. This transformation presents significant challenges for civil law, especially in Albania, where legal frameworks have struggled to keep pace with technological advances. This article explores the definition of digital assets, focusing on the assessments that organizations, law institutions or states have made regarding the disposition, transfer and protection of these assets. The article examines how Albanian civil law, rooted in traditional notions of property and inheritance, addresses issues related to digital rights, including digital asset management, digital tokens, and broader applications within blockchain ecosystems. Through an analysis of national and international legal perspectives, the article identifies the main challenges in adapting existing laws to the challenging complexity of digital ownership. It also proposes possible mechanisms to ensure the effective integration of digital property within Albania’s legal system, drawing on legislative models from other countries.

  • Criminal liability of legal entities

    This article dwells on the criminal liability of legal entities, especially of well-organized companies, such as second-tier banks, for the very position they occupy in a market and in the economy of a given country. We would like to emphasize the distinction of criminal responsibility of the employee (employees) and how it is linked and separated from that of the legal entity. In the following analysis, we will show the Prosecutor’s interpretation of the criteria prescribed by ad hoc law. Specifically, Articles 3 and 4 of Law 9754/2007 “On the criminal liability of legal entities”, which provides the legal basis on which is founded the criminal liability of any legal organization, in the form of a legal entity, according to the provisions of the Civil Code, Law on Non-Profit Organizations (8788/2001) and Law on Commercial Companies (9901/2008). In addition, we must point out the arguments that show that the evidence brought during trial, is not placed in the context of the criminal fact alleged to have been committed by the legal entity, or when in some cases those were deliberately distorted.

  • Carbon reduction indicators and strategies: A cornerstone of corporate social responsability

    Deliberative polling has emerged as a promising method for promoting democratic reform Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become an essential element for modern businesses, and citizen engagement in various contexts, however, its potential and limitations in hybrid encompassing a range of ethical and sustainable practices that address social, economic, and regimes, where democratic governance is challenged by a mix of democratic and authoritarian environmental impacts. Among these, carbon reduction stands out as a critical focus due to features, remain relatively unexplored. This paper focuses on the case of North Macedonia, the urgent global threat posed by climate change. This paper explores the fundamental role as a country that has undergone significant political and societal transformation especially in of carbon reduction within CSR by examining key indicators and strategies employed by the recent years. Despite efforts to promote democratic reforms, the country continues to face companies to lower their carbon emissions.

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