Analyzing English evolution through semantics, lexicology, syntax, context, using Machine Learning and Data Analysis

• Pages: 11-23
• Date: 01 January 2025
• Published date: 01 January 2025
• Author: Sonila Daiu,Blevis Allushi

11

European Journal of Economics, Law

and Social Sciences

E-ISSN 2520-0429

ISSN 2519-1284

Vol.9 No.1

January, 2025

Research Article

© 2025 Sonila Daiu and Blevis Allushi

This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons

Aribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License

(hps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

1

European Journal of Economics, Law

and Social Sciences

E-ISSN 2520-0429

ISSN 2519-1284

Vol.8 No.3

October, 2024

1

Vol. 9 No.2

September, 2023

Balkan Journal of Interdisciplinary Research

IIPCCL Publishing, Graz-Austria

E-ISSN 2411-9725

ISSN 2410-759X

Research Article

© 2023 Ardita Abazi Imeri

This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons

Aribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License

(hps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

Deliberating in the Gray Zone: North Macedonia’s Hybrid Regime and

Deliberative Democracy Exercise

Ardita Abazi Imeri

European Policy Institute (EPI) – Skopje

DOI: hps://doi.org/10.2478/bjir-2023-0001

Abstract

Deliberative polling has emerged as a promising method for promoting democratic reform

and citizen engagement in various contexts, however, its potential and limitations in hybrid

regimes, where democratic governance is challenged by a mix of democratic and authoritarian

features, remain relatively unexplored. This paper focuses on the case of North Macedonia,

as a country that has undergone signicant political and societal transformation especially in

the recent years. Despite eorts to promote democratic reforms, the country continues to face

challenges in terms of ensuring democratic governance and citizen participation. In a hybrid

regime, like North Macedonia’s, political leaders might not be inclined to value citizens’

input, and the media environment might not be free from inuence, which limits access to

varied and reliable sources of information. Civil society organizations may also encounter

limitations on their operations, and institutional assistance may be insucient. Additionally,

the population’s diversity could make it dicult to reach and build trust with citizens. In

this context, deliberative polling represents an opportunity to engage citizens in meaningful

political dialogue and institutional reform. This paper examines the potential of deliberative

polling as a tool for promoting governance in North Macedonia and highlights the challenges

and limitations faced in this process.

Keywords: deliberative poll, hybrid regime, authoritarian, democracy.

1. Introduction

Democracy around the world is in crisis. In general, the state of democracy world-

wide indicates a lack of progress (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2022). Looking at the

global picture, 2022 fell short of expectations for democracy, as it was anticipated that

the lifting of pandemic-related restrictions might result in an improvement in the

overall score. Both the Freedom House Report 2022 and the Economist Intelligence

Unit’s Democracy Index (EIU) 2022 indicate that the state of democracy around the

world is facing signicant challenges and setbacks.

Research Article

© 2024 Etleva Dobjani and Saimir Kristo

This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons

Aribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License

(hps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

Unveiling the Subterranean Heritage: A Case Study of the Underground City

of Kukës, Albania

Assoc. Prof. PhD. Etleva Dobjani

Head of the Department of Architecture and Design, Barleti University, Tirana, Albania

Assoc. Prof. PhD. Saimir Kristo

Vice Dean in the Faculty of Applied Sciences and Creative Industries, Barleti University,

Tirana, Albania

DOI: hps://doi.org/10.2478/ejels-2024-0014

Abstract

This paper investigates the viability of conserving and repurposing Kukës’ underground city,

which was built as a system of civil defence tunnels during the communist era in Albania.

Beneath contemporary Kukës, the underground complex, which houses administrative oces

and hospitals, is an important but underutilized historical and architectural asset. This study

assesses the architectural elements, historical value, and present state of the tunnels using

an extensive methodology that includes expert interviews, public consultations, on-site

inspections, and archival research. Results highlight the site’s dual signicance as a historical

landmark and a possible center for innovation and tourism.

The research oers strategic proposals for reviving the tunnels to strengthen the local economy,

maintain cultural identity, and increase tourist araction, drawing on foreign case studies. By

promoting the inclusion of Kukës’ underground city in larger regional development projects

and considering both community goals and pragmatic concerns, the article adds to the current

conversations in urban planning and cultural preservation.

Sustaining and repurposing Kukës’ underground city has various benets, including

enhanced cultural tourism and economic resurgence that encourage sustainable growth, the

paper points out. Still, challenges like deteriorating infrastructure, security concerns, and

accessibility issues must be overcome. Urban planners and politicians can apply the research’s

practical implications by using it to develop a model for cultural preservation that aligns with

modern social and economic goals.

A sense of shared identity and legacy among the local community’s members is fostered by

the initiative, which has signicant social implications as well. The study has some drawbacks,

including the need for signicant funding and the potential for opposition from groups who

do not recognize the advantages of these kinds of initiatives. To summarise, this research

highlights the potential of adaptive reuse to bolster the sustainability and resilience of urban

Analyzing English evolution through semantics, lexicology, syntax, context,

using Machine Learning and Data Analysis

Dr Sonila Daiu

University Metropolitan Tirana, Albania

Blevis Allushi

University Metropolitan Tirana, Albania

DOI: hps://doi.org/10.2478/ejels-2025-0002

Abstract

Whether a commied reader or not, it is clear that the English language has evolved throughout

the years into many dierent nuances. What is considered acceptable in terms of wrien form

has been adjusted to match cultural, regional, and on a macroscopic scale, temporal changes.

This paper explores these changes through innovative analysis of semantics, lexicology, syntax,

and context, (to be referred to as Linguistic Paerns), analyzing data and deriving conclusions.

It is apparent that there are noticeable dierences in the corpora of a 16th-century author to a

contemporary one. The most accessible examples of such changes are spoed in wrien works,

whether poetry, books, or documents, as they provide valuable insight into the analysis of

change. The methodology incorporates pre-existing and specically trained models specialized

in data analysis to understand and compile these changes. This study showcases the evolution

of the English language interpreted by Machine Learning (ML) models and methods such as

Natural Language Understanding (NLU). By feeding data, specically wrien works, into

such models with the foresight of expecting a wide range of diering results and analyzing

the changes through the scope of time, this study showcases the change of Linguistic Paerns.

The decision between model preference and prociency is made by comparing the quality of

data outputs, and systematically evaluating dierent model archetypes, such as Generative

Pre-training Transformers (GPT) or Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers

(BERT). The evaluation of changes in linguistic paerns is quantiable through statistical

measures, embeddings and syntactic parsing scores. Through these steps, this study derives

that the English language has experienced a robust alteration in its core, from the elimination

of now-considered archaic lexicology, dierences in structural and contextual cues as well as

notable evolution in semantics. These ndings can be utilized in historical linguistic analysis

and education, as well as improving Natural Language Understanding.

Keywords: English language evolution, Linguistic Paerns, Machine Learning models, Data

Analysis, semantics, lexicology, syntax, Natural Language Understanding.