La ausencia de opinión pública europea
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La Unión Europea carece de una opinión pública que apoye o rechace su construcción con argumentos europeos. No cabe duda de que Europa es una unión económica de Estados que va camino de ser una unión política sobre la que los ciudadanos empiezan a pronunciarse. El problema es que lo hacen impulsados por la gestión que sus Gobiernos hacen de la política interna y la percepción que sobre ella tiene la población en cada país. Es la falta de debate europeo y exclusivamente sobre Europa lo que suscita dudas y temores entre los ciudadanos que no saben ni cómo funciona, ni cómo se administra, ni cuál es el proyecto de futuro que se trata de construir. Los referenda sobre la Constitución Europea que se han celebrado hasta el momento ponen de manifiesto esa ausencia de opinión pública europea que acudió a las urnas para ratificar o no la política de sus Gobiernos, en detrimento del tratado que era objeto de consulta.
Se trata de satisfacer la demanda de información que los ciudadanos tienen sobre Europa cuando se les llama a que se pronuncien sobre ella; pero también de que esa información sea comprensible para todos porque la mayoría de las encuestas que se han realizado en toda Europa revelan que sus habitantes saben muy poco sobre los asuntos europeos, en concreto, sobre la Constitución Europea. En definitiva, es necesario que laPage 48 clase política contribuya al nacimiento de una opinión pública europea que es prácticamente inexistente y extremadamente necesaria para el futuro de la construcción europea.
Uno de los sondeos europeos sobre las preferencias tanto de partidos políticos como de ciudadanos acerca de la convocatoria de un referéndum sobre la Constitución Europea concluía que el 84 por ciento de los encuestados prefería que se realizara esta consulta, frente al 70 por ciento de los partidos políticos europeos que se oponía. El estudio determinaba que un referéndum era una buena ocasión para propiciar el debate entre partidarios y adversarios del texto y que, de esta forma, hubiera más información sobre el mismo. "European Referéndum Campaign" fue la organización encargada de elaborar el sondeo que se hizo público a principios de junio de 2004, pocos días antes de las elecciones europeas del 13 de junio, fecha que inicialmente se había contemplado como idónea para que los países de la Unión celebraran el mismo día el referéndum sobre la Constitución Europea, aunque finalmente se dejó en manos de los Estados la decisión de establecer su propio calendario para llamar a los ciudadanos a las urnas.
La consecuencia no se hizo esperar y la ausencia de una opinión pública europea, unida al procedimiento elegido para ratificar el documento, que estribó en la falta de consenso para celebrar los referenda nacionales en la misma fecha, desencadenó debates nacionales sobre la Constitución Europea y su contexto, y no sobre el texto, con los resultados expuestos de ratificación de políticas internas y no europeas.
Por ello es necesaria la formación de "ciudadanos europeos" que se sientan parte de Europa, un proyecto cuya construcción comenzó a gestarse hace más de 50 años y que en la actualidad está formada por 27 Estados tras sucesivas ampliaciones. En esta tarea tiene una gran responsabilidad la Constitución Europea ya que, de conseguirlo a través de los instrumentos dispuestos para ello, se habrá logrado uno de los grandes retosPage 49 de la Unión: que sus ciudadanos la conozcan y piensen también en clave europea.
Este tema ha sido una de las grandes lagunas del proceso europeo. Según el profesor de Derecho de la información leopoldo Abad Alcalá, los ciudadanos...
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- Europa busca modelo
- Agradecimientos
- Prólogo. El rescate sustantivo del tratado constitucional europeo
- Introducción
- El 'si' a la constitución europea en los parlamentos nacionales y en las urnas
- La ausencia de opinión pública europea
- El debate nacional sobre europa en la campaña de los referenda
- El referéndum español I. El contexto político
- El referéndum español II. Las negociaciones con los grupos minoritarios
- El referéndum español III. La campaña electoral
- El referéndum español III. El 20-F
- El referéndum francés
- El referéndum holandés
- El referéndum en Luxemburgo
- Nueva agenda política para los ciudadanos europeos tras un año de reflexión
- Alemania retoma la cuestión constitucional con la intención de reanimarla y de relanzar la unidad de Europa
- La europa política de los amigos de la constitución pasa por un acuerdo de máximos
- La constitución europea, ¿un modelo para europa?
- Conclusiones
- Bibliografía
- Epílogo. El referéndum de la constitución europea y los medios de comunicación
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