Agreement of 16 March 2006 between the European Central Bank and the national central banks of the Member States outside the euro area laying down the operating procedures for an exchange rate mechanism in Stage III of economic or and monetary union
| Author | Secretariat General |
| Profession | Council of the European Union |
| Pages | 227-239 |
Page 227
THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK (ECB) AND THE NATIONAL CENTRAL BANKS OF THE MEMBER STATES THAT ARE OUTSIDE THE EURO AREA ON 16 MARCH 2006 (HEREINAFTER THE 'NON-EURO AREA NCBs'),
Whereas85:
(1) The Agreement of 1 September 1998 between the European Central Bank and the national central banks of the Member States outside the euro area lay ing down the operating procedures for an exchange rate mechanism in Stage IIIof economic and monetary union 86 (hereinafter the 'Agreement of 1 Sep tember 1998') has been amended three times. The introduction of a new cri terion for counterparties eligible to conduct interventions at the margins directly with the ECB would require a further amendment of Annex I to the Agreement of 1 September 1998. In the interests of clarity and transparency therefore, the Agreement of 1 September 1998 should be replaced by a new Agreement.
(2) The European Council agreed in its Resolution of 16 June 1997 (hereinafter the 'Resolution') to set up an exchange rate mechanism (hereinafter 'ERM2') when the third stage of economic and monetary union began on 1 January 1999.
(3) Under the terms of the Resolution,
- ERM2 replaces the European Monetary System;
- a stable economic environment is necessary for the good functioning of the single market and for higher investment, growth and employment, and is therefore in the interest of all Member States. The single market must not be endangered by real exchange rate misalignments or by excessive nom inal exchange rate fluctuations between the euro and the other EU curren cies, which would disrupt trade flows between Member States. Moreover, under Article 124 of the Treaty establishing the European Community, each Member State has an obligation to treat its exchange-rate policy as a matter of common interest;Page 228
- ERM2 helps to ensure that non-euro area Member States participating in
ERM2 (hereinafter 'participating non-euro area Member States') orient their policies to stability, foster convergence and thereby help them in their eorts to adopt the euro;
- participation in ERM2 is voluntary for the non-euro area Member States. Nevertheless, Member States with a derogation can be expected to join the mechanism. A Member State which does not participate from the outset in ERM2 may participate at a later date;
- ERM2 functions without prejudice to the primary objective of the ECB and the non-euro area NCBs to maintain price stability;
- for the currency of each participating non-euro area Member State (herein after 'participating non-euro area currency') a central rate against the euro is dened;
- there is one standard fluctuation band of ± 15 % around the central rates;
- it should be ensured that any adjustment of central rates is conducted in a timely fashion so as to avoid signicant misalignments. Thus, all parties to the mutual agreement on the central rates, including the ECB, have the right to initiate a condential procedure aimed at reconsidering central rates;
- intervention at the margins is in principle automatic and unlimited, with very short-term nancing available. However, the ECB and the non-euro area NCBs participating in ERM2 (hereinafter 'participating non-euro area NCBs') could suspend intervention if this were to conflict with their primary objective of price stability. In their decision they would take due account of all relevant factors and in particular of the need to maintain stability and the credible functioning of ERM2;
- exchange rate policy cooperation may be further strengthened, for example by allowing closer exchange rate links between the euro and the particip ating non-euro area currencies, where, and to the extent that, these are appropriate in the light of progress towards convergence.
(4) Intervention should be used as a supportive instrument in conjunction with other policy measures, including appropriate monetary and scal policies conducive to economic convergence and exchange rate stability. There is the possibility of coordinated intramarginal intervention decided by mutual agreement between the ECB and the respective participating non-euro area NCB, in parallel with other appropriate policy responses, including the flexible use of interest rates, by the latter.
(5) Sucient flexibility needs to be allowed, in particular to accommodate the varying degrees, paces and strategies of economic convergence of the non-euro area Member States.Page 229
(6) This Agreement does not preclude the establishment, on a bilateral basis, of additional fluctuation bands and intervention arrangements between non-euro area Member States,
HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:
Bilateral central rates and intervention rates between the euro and the participating non-euro area currencies
1.1- The parties to this Agreement shall participate in a joint notication to the market of the bilateral central rates, and any changes to them, between the participating non-euro area currencies and the euro as agreed following the common procedure specied in paragraph 2.3 of the Resolution.
1.2- In accordance with the fluctuation bands xed pursuant to paragraphs 2.1,2.3 and 2.4 of the Resolution, the ECB and each participating non-euro area NCB shall establish, by common accord, the bilateral upper and lower rates between the euro and the participating non-euro area currencies for automatic intervention. The ECB and the participating non-euro area NCBs shall jointly notify the market of these rates, which shall be quoted in accordance with the convention set forth in Annex I.
2.1- Intervention shall in principle be eected in euro and the participating non-euro area currencies. The ECB and the participating non-euro area NCBs shall inform each other about all foreign exchange intervention intended to safeguard the cohesion of ERM2.
2.2- The ECB and the non-euro area NCBs shall inform each other about all other foreign exchange intervention.
3.1. Intervention at the margins shall in principle be automatic and unlimited. However, the ECB and the participating non-euro area NCBs could suspendPage 230 automatic intervention if this were to conflict with their primary objective of maintaining price stability.
3.2. In deciding whether to suspend intervention, the ECB or a participating non-euro area NCB shall also take due account of all other relevant factors, including the credible functioning of ERM2. The ECB and/or the participating non-euro area NCB concerned shall base any decision on factual evidence and, in this context, also give consideration to any conclusion which may have been reached by other competent bodies. The ECB and/or the participating non- euro area NCB concerned shall notify, as long in advance as possible and on a strictly condential basis, the other monetary authorities concerned and the monetary authorities of all other participating non-euro area Member States of any intention to suspend intervention.
3.3. A payment after payment procedure shall be applied in the event of intervention at the margins, as set forth in Annex I.
The ECB and participating non-euro area NCBs may agree to coordinated intramarginal intervention.
5.1. Prior agreement of the non-euro area NCB issuing the intervention cur rency shall be obtained when another central bank of the European System of Central Banks intends to use the former's currency in amounts exceeding mutually agreed limits in connection with all non-compulsory intervention, including unilateral intramarginal intervention.
5.2. A non-euro area NCB shall give immediate notication to the ECB when it has used the euro in amounts exceeding mutually agreed limits in connection with all non-compulsory intervention, including unilateral intramarginal intervention.
5.3. Before carrying out transactions other than intervention which involve at least one non-euro area currency or the euro and which exceed mutually agreed limits, the party intending to carry out such transactions shall give prior notication to the central bank(s) concerned. In such cases the central banks concerned shall agree on an approach which minimises potential problems, including the possibility of settling the transaction, wholly or in part, directly between the two central banks.Page 231
6.1. For the purpose of intervention in euro and in the participating non-euro area currencies, the ECB and each participating non-euro area NCB shall open for each other very short-term credit facilities. The initial maturity for a very short-term nancing operation shall be three months.
6.2. The nancing operations under these facilities shall take the form of spot sales and purchases of participating currencies giving rise to corresponding claims and liabilities, denominated in the creditor's currency, between the ECB and the par ticipating non-euro area NCBs. The value date of the nancing operations shall be identical to the value date of the intervention in the market. The ECB shall keep a record of all transactions conducted in the context of these facilities.
7.1. The very short-term nancing facility is in principle automatically avail able and unlimited in amount for the purpose of nancing intervention in par ticipating currencies at the margins.
7.2. The debtor central bank shall make appropriate use of its foreign reserve holdings prior to drawing on the facility.
7.3. The ECB and the participating non-euro area NCBs could suspend fur ther automatic nancing if it were to conflict with their primary objective of maintaining price stability. The suspension of further automatic nancing will be subject to the provisions of Article 3.2 of this Agreement.
For the purpose of intramarginal intervention, the very short-term nancing facility may, with the agreement of the central bank issuing the intervention currency, be made available subject to the following conditions:
(a) the cumulative amount of such nancing made available to the debtor cen tral bank shall not exceed the latter's ceiling as laid down in Annex II;
(b) the debtor central bank shall make appropriate use of its foreign reserve holdings prior to drawing on the facility.Page 232
9.1. Outstanding very short-term nancing balances shall be remunerated at the representative domestic three-month money market rate of the cred itor's currency prevailing on the trade date of the initial nancing operation or, in the event of a renewal pursuant to Articles 10 and 11 of this Agreement, the three-month money market rate of the creditor's currency prevailing two business days before the date on which the initial nancing operation to be renewed falls due.
9.2. Accrued interest shall be paid in the creditor's currency on the date of the initial maturity of the facility, or, if applicable, on the date of the advance liquida tion of a debtor balance. In the event of a renewal of the facility pursuant to Articles 10 and 11 of this Agreement, interest shall be capitalised at the end of every three-month period and shall be paid on the date of the nal repayment of the debtor balance.
9.3. For the purpose of Article 9.1 of this Agreement, each participating non- euro area NCB shall notify the ECB of its representative domestic three-month money market rate. A representative domestic three-month money market rate in euro shall be used by the ECB and notied to the participating non-euro area NCBs.
At the request of the debtor central bank, the initial maturity for a nancing operation maybe extended for a period of three months.
However:
(a) the initial maturity may only be automatically extended once for a max imum of three months;
(b) the total amount of indebtedness resulting from application of this Article may at no time exceed the debtor central bank's ceiling as laid down for each central bank in Annex II.
11.1. Any debt exceeding the ceiling laid down in Annex II may be renewed once for three months subject to the agreement of the creditor central bank.
11.2. Any debt already renewed automatically for three months maybe renewed a second time for a further three months subject to the agreement of the creditor central bank.
Any debtor balance recorded in accordance with Articles 6, io and n of this Agreement may be settled at any time in advance at the request of the debtor central bank.
Mutual claims and liabilities between the ECB and a participating non-euro area NCB arising from the operations provided for in Articles 6 to 12 of this Agreement may be netted out against each other by mutual agreement between the two parties involved.
14.1. When a nancing operation falls due or in the event of advance repay ment, settlement shall in principle be carried out by means of holdings in the creditor's currency.
14.2. This provision shall be without prejudice to other forms of settlement agreed between creditor and debtor central banks.
15.1. The exchange rate policy cooperation between participating non-euro area NCBs and the ECB may be further strengthened; in particular, closer exchange rate links may be agreed on a case-by-case basis at the initiative of the interested participating non-euro area Member State.Page 234
15.2. On a case-by-case basis, formally agreed fluctuation bands narrower than. the standard one and backed up in principle by automatic intervention and nancing maybe set at the request of the participating non-euro area Member State concerned, according to the procedure laid down in paragraph 2.4 of the Resolution.
15.3. Other types of closer exchange rate arrangements of an informal nature may also be established between the ECB and participating non-euro area NCBs.
16.1. The General Council of the ECB shall monitor the functioning of ERM2 and serve as the forum for monetary and exchange rate policy coordination as well as for the administration of the intervention and nancing mechanism specied in this Agreement. It shall closely monitor, on a permanent basis, the sustainability of bilateral exchange rate relations between each participating non-euro area currency and the euro.
16.2. The General Council of the ECB shall periodically review the operation of this Agreement in the light of experience gained.
Reconsideration of central rates and participation in narrower fluctuation bands
17.1. All parties to the mutual agreement reached pursuant to paragraph 2.3 of the Resolution, including the ECB, shall have the right to initiate a condential procedure aimed at reconsidering central rates.
17.2. In the event of formally agreed fluctuation bands narrower than the stand ard one, all parties to the joint decision made pursuant to paragraph 2.4 of the Resolution, including the ECB, shall have the right to initiate a condential re examination of the appropriateness of the respective currency's participation in the narrower band.Page 235
The provisions of Articles 1, 2.1, 3, , 6 to 15 and 17 of this Agreement shall not apply to non-euro area NCBs which do not participate in ERM2.
Non-euro area NCBs not participating in ERM2 shall cooperate with the ECB and the participating non-euro area NCBs in the concertation and/or the other exchanges of information necessary for the proper functioning of ERM2.
20.1- This Agreement shall enter into force on 1 April 2006.
20.2- The Agreement of 1 September 1998 is repealed with eect from 1 April 2006. References to the repealed Agreement shall be construed as references to this Agreement.
20.3- This Agreement shall be drawn up in English and duly signed by the par ties. The ECB, which is required to retain the original Agreement, shall send a certied copy thereof to each euro area and non-euro area NCB. The Agree ment shall be translated into all other ocial Community languages and be published in the C series of the Official Journal of the European Union.
Done at Frankfurt am Main, on 16 March 2006.
For and on behalf of The European Central Bank For and on behalf of Magyar Nemzeti Bank For and on behalf of Cesk· n·rodnÌ banka For and on behalf of Central Bank of Malta For and on behalf of Danmarks Nationalbank For and on behalf of Narodowy Bank Polski For and on behalf of Eesti PankPage 236
For and on behalf of Banka Slovenije
For and on behalf of Central Bank of Cyprus
For and on behalf of N·rodn· banka Slovenska
For and on behalf of Latvijas Banka
For and on behalf of Sveriges Riksbank
For and on behalf of Lietuvos bankas
For and on behalf of The Bank of England
For all the currencies of the non-euro area Member States participating in ERM2, the exchange rate for the bilateral central rate vis-‡-vis the euro shall be quoted using the euro as the base currency. The exchange rate shall be expressed as the value of Ei using six signicant digits for all currencies.
The same convention shall be applied for quoting the upper and lower intervention rates vis-‡-vis the euro of the currencies of the non-euro area Member States participating in ERM2. The intervention rates shall be determined by adding or subtracting the agreed bandwidth, expressed as a percentage, to or from the bilateral central rates. The resulting rates shall be rounded to six signicant digits.
A payment after payment procedure shall be applied by both the ECB and the euro area NCBs in the event of intervention at the margins. The non-euro area NCBs participating in ERM2 shall apply the payment after payment procedure when acting as correspondents of the euro area NCBs and the ECB in accordance with this Annex; the non-euro area NCBs participating in ERM2 may, at their discretion, adopt the same payment after payment procedure when settling intervention at the margins that such NCBs have carried out on their own behalf.Page 237
- The payment aer payment procedure shall be applied when intervention at the margins in ERM2 takes place between the euro and the currencies of the non-euro area Member States participating in ERM2.
- To be eligible for intervention at the margins in ERM2, counterparties shall be required to keep an account with the NCB concerned. Counterparties shall also be required to maintain SWIFT addresses and/or to exchange authenticated telex keys with the NCB concerned or with the ECB.
- Counterparties eligible for intervention at the margins in ERM2 may also conduct such intervention directly with the ECB, provided that they also have the status of eligible counterparties for executing foreign exchange transactions with the ECB pursuant to Guideline ECB/2000/1 of 3 Febru ary 2000 on the management of the foreign reserve assets of the European Central Bank by the national central banks and the legal documentation for operations involving the foreign reserve assets of the European Central Bank 87.
- The non-euro area NCBs participating in ERM2 shall act as the correspondents of the euro area NCBs and the ECB.
- When intervention at the margins takes place, the NCB concerned or the ECB shall release its payment for a given transaction only aer receiving conrmation from its correspondent that the amount due has been cred ited to its account. Counterparties shall be required to pay in due time so as to enable the NCBs and the ECB to full their respective payment obliga tions. Consequently, counterparties shall be required to pay before a pre dened deadline.
with effect from 1 May 2004
(in millions of EUR)
| Central banks party to this Agreement | Ceilings 1 |
| Cesk· n·rodnÌ banka | 700 |
| Danmarks Nationalbank | 730 |
| Eesti Pank | 300 |
| Central Bank of Cyprus | 290 |
| Latvijas Banka | 340 |
| Lietuvos bankas | 390 |
| Magyar Nemzeti Bank | 680 |
| Central Bank of Malta | 270 |
| Narodowy Bank Polski | 1 830 |
| Banka Slovenije | 350 |
| N·rodn· banka Slovenska | 470 |
| Sveriges Riksbank | 990 |
| Bank of England | 4 660 |
| European Central Bank | nil |
| Euro area NCBs | Ceilings |
| Nationale Bank van BelgiÎ/Banque Nationale de Belgique | nil |
| Deutsche Bundesbank | nil |
| Bank of Greece | nil |
| Banco de EspaÒa | nil |
| Banque de France | nil |
| Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland | nil |
| Banca d'Italia | nil |
| Banque centrale du Luxembourg | nil |
| De Nederlandsche Bank | nil |
| Oesterreichische Nationalbank | nil |
| Banco de Portugal | nil |
| Suomen Pankki | nil |
Page 239
| Central banks party to this Agreement | Ceilings 1 |
| Cesk· n·rodnÌ banka | 700 |
| Danmarks Nationalbank | 730 |
| Eesti Pank | 300 |
| Central Bank of Cyprus | 290 |
| Latvijas Banka | 340 |
| Lietuvos bankas | 390 |
| Magyar Nemzeti Bank | 680 |
| Central Bank of Malta | 270 |
| Narodowy Bank Polski | 1 830 |
| Banka Slovenije | 350 |
| N·rodn· banka Slovenska | 470 |
| Sveriges Riksbank | 990 |
| Bank of England | 4 660 |
| European Central Bank | nil |
--------------------------
[85] OJ C 73, 25.3.2006, p. 21.
[86] OJ C 345,13.11.1998, p. 6. Agreement as last amended by the Agreement of 16 September 2004 (OJ C 281,18.11.2004, p. 3).
[87] OJ L 207, 17.8.2000, p. 24. Guideline as last amended by Guideline ECB/2005/15 (OJ L 345, 28.12.2005, P- 33)-
[1] The amounts indicated are notional for central banks which do not participate in ERMII.
