Comprehending the Mobility Factors of Albanian citizens from 1991-2016, in a more complex globalized world

• Author: Neshat Zeneli
• Position: University of Tirana
• Pages: 114-121

Vol. 1 No. 2

June, 2017

European Journal of Economics, Law and Social Sciences

IIPCCL Publishing, Graz-Austria

ISSN 2519-1284

Acces online at www.iipccl.org

114

Comprehending the Mobility Factors of Albanian citizens from 1991-2016, in

a more complex globalized world

PhD (C.) Neshat Zeneli

University of Tirana

Abstract

In the decade of the twentieth century, 1991-2000, a massive increase of Albanian emigration

has been recorded related to two main factors:-collapse of communist regime in 31 march

1991, which has produced a massive emigration toward Italy, and Greece (regular and

irregular),-and the crisis of march 1997 due to the collapse of fi nancial pyramidal schemes.

Some stable situation has been noted in the fi rst decade of 21-st century (2001-2010). Because

of the economic crisis of 2008-2012, in the second decade of 21-st century and because of the

new phenomena “asylum seeking”,, the return phenomena has become and is still today the

agenda of the day in the EU.

The returned phenomena is on the top of the agenda for the host countries, but the reintegration

of returned people/emigrants beside the category where they belong (voluntary return to be

integrated in home country, returned because of lost of jobs and di culties a er the crisis of

2008-2012, returns of minors and forced returned), is not yet responding to the real needs of

returned people. The aim of this article is to comprehend: -the push and pull factors of the

mobility out in general and by qualifi cation level in particular in order to identify the main

problem, the functioning or no functioning of the reintegration policy process as part of social

policy and propose conclusions and recommendations that could help solving the problems

identifi ed by using scientifi c methods.

Keywords: Mobility (regular/irregular), Factors of mobility, Return phenomenon,

Reintegration.

Introduction

The migration process of Albanian citizens from 1990-2016, has known four main

phases.

The fi rst one was in 1990-1996, recognized by three main phenomena:

• “Embassy Migrants, Summer –July 1990-”, with more than 5000 people1 refuges

in the Westerner Embassy, from which 3,199 people or 63% were housed in West

Germany, and the 12 July has been convoyed to the port city of Durres toward

Italy to bring them by train to Germany, France etc,

• “ Mass Exodus”, March, August 1991, through the “boat people exodus to southern

Italy, where 25,000 migrants were accepted and se led in Italy and

• Regular and Irregular migration till 1996.

• The second one 1997-2000, this has been characterized by two main crises: “The

Pyramidal Crisis, March 1997, and Kosovo Crisis 1998-1999, (end of war 11 June

1999).

1 Migration and Development in Albania, Working Paper C5, Sussex Centre for Migration Re-

search, December 2003, page 25.