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- Las Cláusulas Anti-abuso Específicas Tributarias Frente a las Libertades de Circulación de la Unión Europea
Conclusiones
Author | Rafael J. Sanz Gómez |
Profession | Departamento de Derecho Financiero y Tributario Universidad de Sevilla |
Pages | 167-171 |
Page 167
Una cláusula anti-abuso específica, según las orientaciones de la jurispruden- cia del TJUE, es una proposición jurídica que, en determinados supuestos, aplica un régimen más gravoso, con el objetivo de contrarrestar la elusión fiscal. Está formada por un presupuesto de hecho (una serie de elementos objetivos que de- terminan una presunción relativa de abuso) al que se anuda una consecuencia ju- rídica (aplicar el régimen que hubiera correspondido en ausencia de operaciones artificiosas). En tanto que susceptibles de resultar discriminatorias o restrictivas de las libertades de circulación, las CAE deben superar un examen, establecido por la jurisprudencia del Tribunal, por el que se acredite que pueden ampararse en un motivo justificante de interés general, que son adecuadas a dicho fin y no van más allá de lo necesario para alcanzarlo. Existen una serie de puntos oscuros en la jurisprudencia del TJUE que prohí- be establecer obstáculos al ejercicio de las libertades fundamentales. Entre otros aspectos, es difícil afirmar que exista una uniformidad terminológica en la juris- prudencia del Tribunal, asunto que hemos enfrentado al sentar las bases de esta investigación. Uno de los aspectos problemáticos sería la distinción entre la res- tricción y la discriminación: ante las dudas expresadas por la doctrina y algunos abogados generales, el Tribunal no sólo no ha aclarado el interrogante, sino que ha usado un lenguaje ambiguo que ha aumentado la confusión. Hemos conside- rado que son conceptos diferentes: el principio de no-restricción es más radical en sus planteamientos y exige una mayor integración de los mercados nacionales. No obstante, cabe alegar motivos justificativos de interés general tanto frente a las restricciones como ante las discriminaciones indirectas. De la misma forma, existen motivos imperiosos de interés general que el Tribunal trata por separado aunque de su análisis quepa deducir que son lo mismo, como los principios de
Page 168
coherencia y territorialidad; o al menos que son muy próximos y que responden a la misma lógica, como la coherencia y el equilibrio en el reparto del poder tribu- tario, que hemos considerado dos aspectos de la misma causa justificativa. Los condicionantes que establecen las libertades fundamentales sobre las cláusulas anti-elusión de los Estados miembros, así como la solución propuesta con la aplicación de la teoría comunitaria del abuso del Derecho, se encuadran en un ámbito más amplio, la tensión entre el mercado común y el interés fiscal de los Estados y, a nivel mundial, entre la globalización y la soberanía nacional. A esta tensión se suma el que muchos de los principios básicos de la tributación inter- nacional están siendo revisados por el Tribunal, como el de territorialidad o la no comparabilidad entre residentes y no residentes. Aunque los ordenamientos nacionales se han ido adaptando progresivamente, seguramente se hará inevitable, a...
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- Las cláusulas anti-abuso específicas tributarias frente a las libertades de circulación de la Unión Europea
- Abreviaturas
- Introducción. La función de las cláusulas anti-abuso específicas en la fiscalidad internacional
- Las cláusulas anti-abuso en el contexto de la tensión entre interés fiscal y mercado común
- Contenido esencial y abuso de las libertades comunitarias
- El principio de proporcionalidad en las medidas anti-abuso
- Conclusiones
- Bibliografía
- Jurisprudencia analizada
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