Conclusiones del análisis del Derecho comparado y examen de algunos textos
Author | Germán de Castro Vítores |
Profession | Doctor en Derecho. Profesor de Derecho civil. Universidad de Valladolid |
Pages | 74-79 |
Page 74
El texto del Proyecto de la Academia de Pavía relativo a la cláusula penal, igual que otros que veremos a continuación, refleja, en parte, la moderna evolución de los ordenamientos europeos en esta materia, las recíprocas influencias entre los sistemas y la tendencia al equilibrio entre las distintas opciones. Los sistemas que partían de una visión compulsiva de la pena, como el alemán, yaPage 75 desde el principio dejaron la puerta abierta a la revisión judicial de la misma, lo que se ha completado con la distinción entre pena y globalización del daño, de clara influencia anglosajona, para concretar el valor y los límites del pacto en la contratación en estandarizada con consumidores. El sistema francés que, partiendo de una visión indemnizatoria de la pena, consagra el principio de su inmutabilidad, y con él, en realidad, una fuerza coercitiva plena en la medida del acuerdo de las partes, acepta con el tiempo la revisión judicial de la pena excesiva, y, al mismo tiempo, la doctrina recomienda no olvidar el valor y la utilidad coercitiva de la cláusula penal. Al mismo tiempo, en Bélgica, a partir de una interpretación del carácter indemnizatorio próxima al sistema anglo-sajón, se desarrolla una viva discusión doctrinal donde se replantea el valor de la función coercitiva de la pena, combinado con la posibilidad de revisión, lo que de algún modo se plasma en la reforma de 1998, sustituyendo la idea de ineficacia por la de reducción judicial en el régimen común, también aplicable a comerciantes, sin perjuicio de regímenes especiales. Por fin, en el derecho anglosajón, con el tiempo se transita a una concepción objetiva del abuso en la utilización de liquidated damages, por otra parte, el sistema va permitiendo la fijación anticipada con una visión generosa del daño resarcible, y además, en los últimos años la doctrina más autorizada viene abogando por revisar la concepción tradicional, a partir del análisis del coste/beneficio de la prohibición de las penalties, admitiendo el carácter coercitivo de la pena y el acuerdo de una sanción más allá del resarcimiento del daño, como un instrumento convencional de reparto del riesgo contractual, beneficioso para el tráfico en general.
Entre nosotros, ESPÍN ALBA puso de relieve esta tendencia doctrinal europea de renacimiento del interés por las penas privadas194; también en la contratación en masa juegan un interesante papel, como reconoce LEIBLE en la conclusión de su estudio, “porque pueden reflejar sin duda una necesidad económica aceptable de su usuario en el aseguramiento del cumplimiento contractual por el cocontratante”195. Al mismo tiempo, indica este autor, el legislador y la jurisprudencia, aquí y allá, han perfilado instrumentos que finalmente se revelan útiles para reducir el peligro de una utilización abusiva de estas cláusulas.
Asentado el principio de revisión judicial de la pena excesiva, y complementado con reglas de ineficacia y criterios interpretativos específicos para la contratación en masa, pierde importancia la distinción entre pena contractual y estipulación indemnizatoria196. El propio LEIBLE, para el sistema alemán, donde se ha instalado esta duplicidad de institutos, señala que, en vista de laPage 76 proximidad entre ambos, es controvertido si la diferenciación tiene sentido. “Las...
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- La cláusula penal ante la armonización del derecho contractual europeo
- Presentación
- Planteamiento. Interés del estudio de la cláusula penal en el actual momento de gestación de un Derecho contractual europeo
- Abreviaturas
- Indicaciones sobre la cláusula penal en el Código civil español
- El artículo 170 del «Proyecto de Pavía», Ensayo de un punto de encuentro en la diversidad de tendencias y la controversia sobre la pena contractual. Consideraciones introductorias al examen del Derecho comparado
- Pena y fijación anticipada del daño
- Panorámica de Derecho comparado
- Conclusiones del análisis del Derecho comparado y examen de algunos textos
- La revisión judicial de la cláusula penal en el Código civil español; confrontación con la solución del Proyecto Pavía y otras en Derecho comparado
- El carácter del artículo 1154 CC
- La revisión casacional de la moderación judicial
- El Juez «modificará», el Juez «podrá moderar»
- Criterios y alcance de la moderación
- La cláusula penal inferior al daño
- Consideraciones conclusivas acerca de la posición del Derecho español en el contexto europeo
- Cláusula penal y cláusula abusiva
- Interés moratorio excesivo
- Abuso y exceso, nulidad y moderación en la jurisprudencia menor
- Bibliografía
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