Cooperación reforzada
Author | VÍctor M. Sánchez (Dir.) - Maria Julia Barceló |
Pages | 91-97 |
Page 91
En la historia de la Unión se puede encontrar momentos clave donde algunos estados miembros han hecho patente su voluntad de permanecer al margen de ciertas evoluciones de la integración europea, sin obstaculizar que otros lo hicieran. Esta opción propicia la posibilidad de desarrollos «a diferentes velocidades» o de «geometría variable» en el proceso de integración comunitaria. Uno o más estados miembros no han querido o no han podido participar en ciertos elementos de cambio en la Unión, y otros no han aceptado renunciar a los beneficios que percibían de iniciarlos. La solución final se ha encontrado en un punto medio: los miembros más «euroconvencidos» han profundizado en la cooperación y los más «euroescépticos» se han mantenido al margen, quedando la puerta siempre abierta a fin de que, en un futuro indeterminado, puedan libremente participar de los cambios.
Un ejemplo de estas situaciones lo tenemos con el Reino Unido y Dinamarca que, en el Tratado de Maastricht (1992), obtuvieron la posibilidad —una vez llegado el momento de la tercera fase de la UEM, es decir, la implantación del euro como moneda europea— de poder autoexcluirse de su aplicación y garantizar el derecho, en todo caso, de cambiar de posición en un futuro. El 30 de octubre de 1997, el Gobierno británico notificó al Consejo que no preveía, conforme a lo pactado en el TUE (1992), adoptar la moneda única el 1 de enero de 1999. Por su parte, empezada la implantación del euro el 1 de enero de 1999, el Gobierno danés organizó un referéndum sobre la entrada de Dinamarca en la tercera fase de la UEM para poner fin a la excepción vigente. El referéndum se celebró el 28 de septiembre del 2000. El 53,1% de los votantes se manifestó contra la adopción del euro, y así se ha mantenido hasta ahora.
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Otro ejemplo lo tenemos con los acuerdos de Schengen de 1985 y 1990, que regulan la supresión gradual completa de los controles de las fronteras comunes. Inicialmente vinculaban a Bélgica, Dinamarca, Alemania, Grecia, España, Francia, Italia, Luxemburgo, Países Bajos, Austria, Portugal, Finlandia y Suecia. Quedaron fuera de este modus operandi, también por libre decisión, Gran Bretaña y la República de Irlanda. Por contra, dos estados no miembros de la UE, Noruega e Islandia, han firmado estos acuerdos.
Con la voluntad de no dejar este tipo de procesos en el limbo del derecho de la Unión, y en previsión de que el aumento del número de miembros de la Unión, con diferentes sensibilidades europeas, pusiera demasiadas trabas al progreso de la UE, los estados incorporaron en el Tratado de Ámsterdam (1997) un conjunto de normas que encajaban de modo general estas prácticas en el seno de la Unión, con objetivos, procedimientos y requisitos preestablecidos. Más tarde, el Tratado de Niza (2001) flexibilizó y mejoró, al mismo tiempo, las garantías del mecanismo. El Tratado de Lisboa (2007) mantendría en lo esencial su funcionamiento.
La cooperación reforzada está regulada con carácter general en el Título VII del TUE (arts. 43 a 45). Además, tiene regímenes específicos fijados para
el pilar comunitario (art. 11 TCE), para el pilar de la PESC (arts. 27 a)-e) del TUE) y para el pilar de la CPJP (arts. 40 a) y b) TUE). El contenido jurídico de estas cooperaciones reforzadas según el TUE es fácil de explicar y entender en términos de derechos y obligaciones:
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Los miembros tienen el derecho a iniciar una cooperación reforzada, es decir, de impulsar con nuevas normas los...
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- Lecciones de derecho de la Unión Europea
- ¿Qué es la Unión Europea?
- Presentación
- Glosario
- Configuración histórica de la Unión Europea
- Miembros y ampliación
- Objetivos
- Pilares
- Competencias
- Cooperación reforzada
- Modelo organizativo
- Comisión
- Consejo de la Unión Europea
- Parlamento Europeo
- Tribunal de Justicia de las Comunidades Europeas y otros tribunales
- Otros órganos
- ¿Cómo se crea derecho en la UE?
- Presupuesto
- Ordenamiento jurídico comunitario (I): derecho primario, principios generales y acuerdos internacionales
- Ordenamiento jurídico comunitario (II): derecho derivado
- Otras fuentes del derecho de la UE
- Relaciones entre el derecho comunitario y los ordenamientos jurídicos de los estados miembros
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