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- PRIMERA PARTE. El Sistema Jurisdiccional de la Unión Europea
Introducción
Author | Begoña Rodríguez Díaz |
Pages | 15-17 |
Page 15
El Derecho de la Unión Europea constituye un orden jurídico sui generis. A semejanza de otras organizaciones internacionales, dicho orden jurídico se basa en el derecho primario u originario, que consta básicamente de los Tratados constitutivos de las Comunidades Europeas y de la Unión Europea, con las modificaciones que han ido experimentando a lo largo del tiempo.
Con base en el derecho originario, las instituciones de la Unión pueden adoptar normas de derecho derivado (principalmente, reglamentos, directivas y decisiones). Esta competencia se les atribuye para lograr la consecución de los fines y objetivos establecidos en las normas originarias.
Sin embargo, a diferencia del Derecho internacional, que rige principalmente las relaciones entre Estados, los destinatarios del Derecho de la Unión no son solo los Estados miembros, sino también los particulares y los poderes públicos de los Estados. El razonamiento del Tribunal de Justicia de las Comunidades Europeas, en la famosa sentencia Van Gend&Loos es el siguiente: ( ) la Comunidad constituye un nuevo ordenamiento jurídico de Derecho internacional, a favor del cual los Estados miembros han limitado su soberanía, si bien en un ámbito restringido, y cuyos sujetos son, no sólo los Estados miembros, sino también sus nacionales; ( ) en consecuencia, el Derecho comunitario, autónomo respecto a la legislación de los Estados miembros, al igual que crea obligaciones a cargo de los particulares, está también destinado a generar derechos que se incorporan a su patrimonio jurídico; (TJCE, C-26/62, Van Gend&Loos, de 5 de febrero de 1963).
Esta autonomía del Derecho de la Unión no impide que esté “integrado” en el derecho interno, y que por tanto sea exigible ante los órganos jurisdiccionales nacionales. A diferencia de los Tratados in-
Page 16
ternacionales ordinarios, el Tratado de la CEE creó un ordenamiento jurídico propio integrado en el sistema jurídico de los Estados miembros desde la entrada en vigor del Tratado y que vincula a sus órganos jurisdiccionales. (TJCE, C-6/64, Costa/ ENEL, de 15 de julio de 1964).
La integración del ordenamiento jurídico comunitario en el derecho interno de los Estados miembros tiene como consecuencia que la tutela judicial del Derecho comunitario no tenga carácter centralizado. Son los órganos judiciales nacionales los encargados de velar por la aplicación del Derecho de la Unión. Esta función no está reservada al Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión, que...
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