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- Las Cláusulas Anti-abuso Específicas Tributarias Frente a las Libertades de Circulación de la Unión Europea
Introducción. La función de las cláusulas anti-abuso específicas en la fiscalidad internacional
Author | Rafael J. Sanz Gómez |
Profession | Departamento de Derecho Financiero y Tributario Universidad de Sevilla |
Pages | 13-19 |
Page 13
Pareciera casi obligado comenzar toda reflexión sobre el Derecho tributario internacional con una referencia a la globalización. Aunque más que hablar de globalización sería más preciso hablar de globalizaciones: diferentes conjuntos de relaciones sociales que provocan diferentes fenómenos de globalización1. Y precisamente aquella en la que más se ha profundizado, la globalización económicofinanciera, es la más relevante para lo tributario. La demolición de las barreras al movimiento de diversos factores de producción en todo el mundo, el incremento de los intercambios, los avances en las nuevas tecnologías y otras circunstancias han favorecido una movilidad sin precedentes de empresas y capitales. Limitados en los espacios nacionales, con mecanismos de cooperación no siempre lo suficientemente eficaces, los Estados asisten a la erosión de sus bases imponibles ante la conversión de la elusión tributaria en un fenómeno fundamentalmente internacional.
En este contexto, algunos Estados se sumergen en una competición por ofrecer las mejores condiciones al capital internacional («race to the bottom») y minimizar las mermas en su recaudación. Generalmente, se considera que existe una competencia fiscal sana, que ayudaría a la optimización de los sistemas tributarios; y otra
* Este trabajo ha sido desarrollado al amparo del Programa de Formación del Profesorado Universitario (FPU) del Ministerio de Educación.
Page 14
de carácter lesivo, combatida -con más o menos énfasis, con más o menos fortuna- por Estados y organizaciones internacionales. Esta competencia lesiva tiene su máximo pero no único exponente en los mal llamados paraísos fiscales2.
Los Estados que no pueden o no desean entrar en esta competición, o que pretenden al menos atajar las formas más agresivas que presenta, establecen una serie de mecanismos de defensa, para desincentivar a las personas y empresas que pretenden explotar, en beneficio propio, las diferencias entre sistemas tributarios de Estados diversos3. La lucha contra el fraude y la evasión fiscal es también una exigencia de los principios fundamentales de nuestro ordenamiento tributario, como ha puesto de manifiesto el Tribunal Constitucional. Sin esta actividad de prevención «se produciría una distribución injusta en la carga fiscal», pues «lo que unos no paguen debiendo pagar, lo tendrán que pagar otros con más espíritu cívico o con menos posibilidades de defraudar»4. No debe olvidarse que existe una relación directa entre la capacidad para pagar impuestos y la capacidad para eludirlos.
De aquí se extrae que «el legislador ha de habilitar las potestades o los instrumentos jurídicos que sean necesarios y adecuados para que, dentro del debido respeto a los principios y derechos constitucionales, la Administración esté en condiciones de hacer efectivo el cobro de las deudas tributarias»5. Una de estas herramientas son las cláusulas antiabuso, que permiten a las autoridades tributarias recalificar la actividad
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de un sujeto pasivo cuando se detecte un ánimo elusivo. La presente investigación se va a centrar en un tipo concreto, aquellas cláusulas específicas de ámbito inter-nacional. Para definirlas y explicar su razón de ser, es necesario diferenciarlas de otras figuras de la misma especie.
Un primer punto de referencia son las cláusulas anti-abuso generales. Su generalidad se predica, fundamentalmente, en dos sentidos: se refieren a todos los tributos y se aplican a todas las conductas abusivas contrarias al ordenamiento6.
Serían aquellas cuyo supuesto de hecho se configura de una manera amplia, como un concepto jurídico indeterminado consistente en la propia noción de abuso. A consecuencia de la naturaleza del supuesto de hecho, y la importancia de los elementos subjetivos -los propósitos que subyacen tras la conducta del contribuyente-, su aplicación requiere una actividad probatoria administrativa especialmente intensa, y muchas veces problemática. En numerosos casos, es rechazada en sede judicial, por no haberse justificado adecuadamente los motivos por los cuales la actuación del sujeto cae bajo el ámbito del fraude de Ley7.
Ante esta problemática surgieron las cláusulas anti-abuso específicas (CAE), que son medidas contra fenómenos concretos de elusión fiscal y donde se presume la conducta o el ánimus fraudulento a partir de una serie de indicios objetivos. La actividad probatoria exigida a la Administración sería escasa. Sólo deberá comprobar que dichos indicios están presentes, produciéndose en tal caso, en virtud de la ley, la inversión de la carga de la prueba. Será el contribuyente quién deberá romper la presunción legal, demostrando que su operación se debía a ra-zones ajenas a la elusión.
Este tipo de cláusulas encuentran su razón...
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Request your trial- Books and Journals
- Las cláusulas anti-abuso específicas tributarias frente a las libertades de circulación de la Unión Europea
- Abreviaturas
- Introducción. La función de las cláusulas anti-abuso específicas en la fiscalidad internacional
- Las cláusulas anti-abuso en el contexto de la tensión entre interés fiscal y mercado común
- Contenido esencial y abuso de las libertades comunitarias
- El principio de proporcionalidad en las medidas anti-abuso
- Conclusiones
- Bibliografía
- Jurisprudencia analizada
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