Mathematical formulation of the physical properties of Hydrocarbon Gases and the determination of these parameters in a Gas-Condensate field in Albania

• Pages: 80-89

80

Vol.10 No.2

September, 2024

Balkan Journal of

Interdisciplinary Research

E-ISSN 2411-9725

ISSN 2410-759X

Mathematical formulation of the physical properties of Hydrocarbon Gases

and the determination of these parameters in a Gas-Condensate eld in

Albania

DOI: hps://doi.org/10.2478/bjir-2024-0018

Lusjen Ismaili

Ministry of Infrastructure and Energy, Albania

Abstract

The physic-chemical properties of uids that saturate a bed have been followed throughout

the course of resource exploitation through dierent analyses. Fluids released from the

formation over time of exploitation change due to the change in the phase state of the uids,

their material balance and energy. Determining the type of reservoir uid and its properties,

including physical properties and chemical properties, play a key role in reservoir engineering

for many decisions made in the development of an oil and gas eld. In this manuscript, the

properties of gases are analyzed step by step in both their physical and mathematical contexts,

as well as that of gas. In this context, a gas-condensate eld located in Albania was taken

into consideration, determining its properties through the relevant correlations and the use of

dierent graphs both for the measured value of the initial pressure of the formation and for

the dierent values of the pressure taken into consideration.

Keywords: reservoir, gas, equation, z-factor, composition.

1. Introduction

Based on the phase diagram which makes it possible to describe the liquid for a range

of pressures and temperatures, the phase behavior of a reservoir uid can best be

described as P-T or P-V (pressure, temperature, volume) dependent and is dierent

for each uid in the reservoir (Abdus Saer and Iqbal, 2016). Pressure and tempera-

ture do not remain constant but change, in underground oil and gas reservoirs, with

the release of uids to the surface. In the case of gases, this change in pressure and

temperature will be accompanied by major changes in their molecular composition

(Speight, 2016). Regardless of this, for many purposes and engineering calculations,

the behavior of real gases can be approximated to the behavior of ideal gases by using

a correction factor called the compressibility factor (Terry, Rogers, 2015).

1

Vol. 9 No.2

September, 2023

Balkan Journal of Interdisciplinary Research

IIPCCL Publishing, Graz-Austria

E-ISSN 2411-9725

ISSN 2410-759X

Research Article

© 2023 Ardita Abazi Imeri

This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons

Aribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License

(hps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

Deliberating in the Gray Zone: North Macedonia’s Hybrid Regime and

Deliberative Democracy Exercise

Ardita Abazi Imeri

European Policy Institute (EPI) – Skopje

DOI: hps://doi.org/10.2478/bjir-2023-0001

Abstract

Deliberative polling has emerged as a promising method for promoting democratic reform

and citizen engagement in various contexts, however, its potential and limitations in hybrid

regimes, where democratic governance is challenged by a mix of democratic and authoritarian

features, remain relatively unexplored. This paper focuses on the case of North Macedonia,

as a country that has undergone signicant political and societal transformation especially in

the recent years. Despite eorts to promote democratic reforms, the country continues to face

challenges in terms of ensuring democratic governance and citizen participation. In a hybrid

regime, like North Macedonia’s, political leaders might not be inclined to value citizens’

input, and the media environment might not be free from inuence, which limits access to

varied and reliable sources of information. Civil society organizations may also encounter

limitations on their operations, and institutional assistance may be insucient. Additionally,

the population’s diversity could make it dicult to reach and build trust with citizens. In

this context, deliberative polling represents an opportunity to engage citizens in meaningful

political dialogue and institutional reform. This paper examines the potential of deliberative

polling as a tool for promoting governance in North Macedonia and highlights the challenges

and limitations faced in this process.

Keywords: deliberative poll, hybrid regime, authoritarian, democracy.

1. Introduction

Democracy around the world is in crisis. In general, the state of democracy world-

wide indicates a lack of progress (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2022). Looking at the

global picture, 2022 fell short of expectations for democracy, as it was anticipated that

the lifting of pandemic-related restrictions might result in an improvement in the

overall score. Both the Freedom House Report 2022 and the Economist Intelligence

Unit’s Democracy Index (EIU) 2022 indicate that the state of democracy around the

world is facing signicant challenges and setbacks.

Research Article

© 2024 Lusjen Ismaili

This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons

Aribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License

(hps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)