El Juez «modificará», el Juez «podrá moderar»
Author | Germán de Castro Vítores |
Profession | Doctor en Derecho. Profesor de Derecho civil. Universidad de Valladolid |
Pages | 128-130 |
Page 128
Una cuestión que, como se acaba de sugerir, tiene que ver con la anterior, es la imperatividad de la revisión de la pena, cuando concurran sus presupuestos, y su aplicación o no de oficio. El art. 170 ACP ofrece una norma que puede aclarar este problema, y no coincide con lo establecido por el art. 1154 CC. Ahora bien, una cosa es la moderación por excesiva, y otra distinta puede ser la modificación proporcional en caso de cumplimiento parcial.
En nuestra doctrina se han planteado varias cuestiones alrededor del «modificará» del art. 1154, lógicamente para el supuesto de cumplimiento parcial. La diferencia con lo que se preveía en el Proyecto de 1851, donde la expresión era «podrá modificar», lleva a la Jurisprudencia a hablar de un mandato imperativo para el juez, aunque luego se ha admitido que, considerada la situación, la moderación concreta lleve a no modificar o introducir un cambio insignificante de la pena.
La generalidad de la doctrina estima que el art. 1154 impone un deber al juez y que éste, además, procederá de oficio a la aplicación de dicho precepto. La línea jurisprudencial dominante discurre en igual sentido. Así se pronuncia ALBALADEJO, también en cuanto a la actuación de oficio, aunque remarca que la jurisprudencia es menos uniforme al respecto. Y es un deber, si bien, se deja libertad al juez en cuanto a la intensidad de la moderación347.
Una opinión discordante se apoya sin embargo en la autoridad de DÍEZPICAZO, para quien el principio de justicia rogada y el carácter dispositivo de la normativa civil justificaría que haya de ser la parte interesada quien solicite al juez la aplicación del precepto (en esta línea, se inscribe primero ORTÍ VALLEJO, después MAS BADÍA y ESPÍN ALBA348)… Para DÍEZ-PICAZO, más allá de una interpretación literal del art. 1154, “rige respecto de este tema el principio dispositivo, que impide una actuación de oficio”349. Sólo alguna jurisprudencia recoge esta idea (STS de 20 de noviembre de 1970, RJ 4825). Cuando, en la STS de 10 de marzo de 1995 (RJ 1852), se alega en casación que el art. 1154 ha sido aplicado incorrectamente al supuesto, pues ninguna de las partes había solicitado la moderación, el argumento se rechaza por el Tribunal,Page 129 que declara existir una obligación de moderar equitativamente350. En esta línea, “es obvio que la moderación debe aplicarse en su caso, aunque no haya habido petición de las partes”351.
Es interesante la opinión de DÁVILA: el tribunal puede practicar la moderación sin que las partes lo hayan solicitado, y sin incurrir por ello en incoherencia, si hay motivos para razonar en aplicación del art. 1154. No...
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- La cláusula penal ante la armonización del derecho contractual europeo
- Presentación
- Planteamiento. Interés del estudio de la cláusula penal en el actual momento de gestación de un Derecho contractual europeo
- Abreviaturas
- Indicaciones sobre la cláusula penal en el Código civil español
- El artículo 170 del «Proyecto de Pavía», Ensayo de un punto de encuentro en la diversidad de tendencias y la controversia sobre la pena contractual. Consideraciones introductorias al examen del Derecho comparado
- Pena y fijación anticipada del daño
- Panorámica de Derecho comparado
- Conclusiones del análisis del Derecho comparado y examen de algunos textos
- La revisión judicial de la cláusula penal en el Código civil español; confrontación con la solución del Proyecto Pavía y otras en Derecho comparado
- El carácter del artículo 1154 CC
- La revisión casacional de la moderación judicial
- El Juez «modificará», el Juez «podrá moderar»
- Criterios y alcance de la moderación
- La cláusula penal inferior al daño
- Consideraciones conclusivas acerca de la posición del Derecho español en el contexto europeo
- Cláusula penal y cláusula abusiva
- Interés moratorio excesivo
- Abuso y exceso, nulidad y moderación en la jurisprudencia menor
- Bibliografía
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