La revisión casacional de la moderación judicial
Author | Germán de Castro Vítores |
Profession | Doctor en Derecho. Profesor de Derecho civil. Universidad de Valladolid |
Pages | 124-127 |
Page 124
En nuestro derecho, como la moderación habría de ser un ajuste de la pena, teniendo en cuenta el interés del acreedor en el cumplimiento, y el grado de frustración derivado del incumplimiento parcial, en el sentido reflejado por el art. 1231 CCF, le parece a MAS BADÍA que es preciso replantear la afirmación de que el juicio de equidad del juez no es revisable en casación, común en laPage 125 doctrina y habitual en la jurisprudencia334. Y señala algunos motivos y razones que permitirían fundar la revisión casacional (llegando sin duda más lejos de lo que sostiene el TS335): reducción a una cantidad ridícula, desproporcionada con el grado de insatisfacción del interés del acreedor, en contra del principio de conmutatividad de las prestaciones, enriquecimiento injusto, prohibición de fijar una cantidad inferior a los daños producidos, responsabilidad por dolo, mantenimiento de la función compulsiva de la pena de acuerdo a la voluntad contractual de las partes (aunque se suavice su rigor)336. Por otra parte, para el cercano asunto del art. 1103 CC, que no se refiere a modificación sino a moderación en general, pero el argumento cobraría especial interés si en nuestro Código existiera una norma semejante al art. 170 ACP, DÍAZ ALABART ha planteado, con interesantes argumentos, la revisibilidad en casación de la moderación. Y GUILARTE MARTÍN-CALERO observa “una tendencia jurisprudencial que, aun reconociendo que la facultad de moderar es exclusiva de los Tribunales de instancia, admite un control casacional en determinados casos, pudiendo observarse una evolución lenta pero segura hacia la censura casacional de toda actuación judicial que modere o no modere el quantum indemnizatorio”337.
Page 126
Para MAS BADÍA, en cuanto a la revisión casacional, y en relación a la postura de DÍAZ ALABART respecto al art. 1103, las mismas ideas se aplicarían al supuesto del art. 1154 CC, aun cuando su fundamento sea distinto338. Y aún con mayor razón, pues la noción de equidad del art. 1154 debiera entenderse de forma más específica que la del 1103: se trata de atender a la satisfacción de los intereses del acreedor por el cumplimiento parcial y reducir proporcionalmente la pena manteniendo su función de garantía y en concreto el poder de coerción que en su caso se quiso que ejerciera sobre el deudor. Si bien, la determinación del grado de satisfacción que ha alcanzado el acreedor con el cumplimiento parcial que ha aceptado, puede ser difícil. Por ello, el montante «parcial» de la pena podrá ser equitativo dentro de los límites que enmarcan la zona de incertidumbre, pero no lo sería por debajo de la zona de certeza positiva y dentro de aquella de certeza negativa.
El asunto toma una nueva dimensión cuando el ordenamiento recoge expresamente la reducción de la pena excesiva. En Francia, doctrina y jurisprudencia entienden, en principio, que no cabe revisar en casación la medida de la modificación llevada a cabo por los jueces de instancia. Queda a la discrecionalidad del juez fijar la cuantía de la reducción. El control directo no es posible339. Pero la Cour de cassation viene exigiendo al juez una motivaciónPage 127 de su decisión si modifica la pena (no si la...
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- La cláusula penal ante la armonización del derecho contractual europeo
- Presentación
- Planteamiento. Interés del estudio de la cláusula penal en el actual momento de gestación de un Derecho contractual europeo
- Abreviaturas
- Indicaciones sobre la cláusula penal en el Código civil español
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