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El Tribunal de Justicia
Author | Sánchez Marín, Ángel-Luis |
Profession | Doctor en Derecho. Profesor Asociado de Derecho Internacional Público |
Pages | 41-43 |
Page 41
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El Tribunal de Justicia es una de las instituciones fundamentales de la Unión Europea a la que los Tratados atribuyen la función de garantizar el respeto del Derecho en la interpretación y aplicación de los mismos (art. 220 del TCE). El Tribunal de Justicia ha impulsado el desarrollo del orden comunitario con una jurisprudencia avanzada que ha convertido a los Tratados en una "Constitución material". En este sentido, el Tribunal de Justicia desempeña una función de Tribunal Constitucional de la Unión a través de diferentes laborales de naturaleza constitucional como son:
-El control de la adecuación del Derecho comunitario derivado a los Tratados. Dicho control se lleva a cabo a través del examen prejudicial de la validez de los actos de las instituciones de la Comunidad, mediante el control incidental de la legalidad de los reglamentos (arts. 225 y 241 del TCE) y el conocimiento del recurso de nulidad.
Como quiera que el Tribunal de Primera Instancia también puede llegar a conocer de cuestiones prejudiciales de validez e interpretativas en materias específicas, habrá que referir que aún en estos casos, la cuestión puede llegar al Tribunal de Justicia por dos vías diferentes: primero, cuando el Tribunal de Primera Instancia considere que el asunto requiere una resolución de principio que pueda afectar a la unidad o coherencia del derecho comunitario; y, segundo, cuando el Tribunal de Justicia reexamine por decisión propia con carácter excepcional las resoluciones del Tribunal de Primera Instancia sobre cuestiones prejudiciales por estar en riesgo grave la unidad o la coherencia del derecho comunitario (art. 225. 3 del TCE, conforme a la nueva redacción dada por el Tratado de Niza).
-La garantía del equilibrio institucional, llevada a cabo mediante la resolución de los conflictos de competencias entre las instituciones de la Comunidad, sustanciados fundamentalmente sobre la base de los recursos de nulidad y por inactividad.
-La delimitación de competencias entre la Comunidad y sus Estados miembros, llevada a cabo mediante el recurso de incumplimiento (arts. 226 y 227 del TCE), la cuestión prejudicial de interpretación, los dictámenes contemplados en el artículo 300. 6 del TCE y el recurso de nulidad.
-La protección de los derechos fundamentales. El Tribunal de Justicia asegura la aplicación de los principios generales del Derecho, habiendo reconocido como parte integrante de los mismos a los derechos humanos (art. 6. 2 del TUE).
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