Littler International Guide - European Union
- Publisher:
- Littler Mendelson
- Publication date:
- 2023-08-04
Disclaimer / Acknowledgements / Notices
§ 1 Overview of Employment & Labor Laws
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 1.1 -How does the European Union and the concept of European Law work?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 1.2 -What are the primary constitutional provisions, statutes, and regulations related to employment?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 1.3 -What are the primary mechanisms for enforcement?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 1.4 -What are the primary means for resolving disputes between employees and employers?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 1.5 -What are the most important characteristics of the legal culture relating to employment?
§ 2 Hiring
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 2.1 -What are the definitions of employee, employer, independent contractor, and contingent worker (i.e., a temporary or agency worker)?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 2.2 -What are the consequences of misclassifying a worker as an independent contractor, contingent worker, or temporary worker?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 2.3 -Does your jurisdiction allow or prohibit outsourcing? If allowed, what are an employer's obligations to avoid liability?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 2.4 -What rules apply to background checks?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 2.6 -May an employer require drug and alcohol testing?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 2.5 -What rules apply to medical examinations or health-related tests?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 2.7 -Are there mandated preferences in hiring?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 2.8 -Are there any rules regarding inquiry into an applicant's salary history or prior compensation? Are there any requirements related to employers disclosing the salary range for open positions?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 2.9 -Are there restrictions on filling openings with contingent workers?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 2.10 -Must a foreign employer set up a local entity to employ local workers and, if so, what are the requirements?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 2.11 -What rules apply to the employment of foreign nationals? How much time should an employer allow to obtain the required work authorization documents?
§ 3 .Employment Contracts
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 3.1 -Are written employment contracts required for certain employees?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 3.2 -What terms are required in employment contracts (if any)?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 3.3 -In what language(s) must employment contracts be written?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 3.4 -What rules exist relating to the duration of employment contracts?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 3.5 -Are probationary periods allowed, and if so, what restrictions apply?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 3.6 -Do employment contracts customarily contain covenants to safeguard the employer's intellectual property, covenants not to compete, and/or agreements not to solicit the employer's customers or employees?
§ 4 Discrimination, Harassment & Retaliation
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 4.1 -What prohibitions against discrimination exist, and how are they defined (e.g., what are the specific protected categories)?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 4.2 -What prohibitions exist against religious discrimination, and what accommodations of religious practices are required of the employer?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 4.3 -What prohibitions exist against disability discrimination, and what accommodations of disabilities are required of the employer?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 4.4 -What prohibitions are there against harassment?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 4.5 -What exceptions are permitted to the prohibitions against discrimination (e.g., job requirements that mandate hiring candidates of a certain age or gender, or quotas to address past discrimination)?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 4.6 -What prohibitions exist regarding retaliation/reprisal?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 4.7 -May individual persons be liable for discrimination, harassment, or retaliation/reprisal?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 4.8 -Are employers required to investigate allegations of sexual harassment from employees?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 4.9 -Are employers required to provide antiharassment/antiretaliation training to their workers?
§ 5 Compensation
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 5.1 -What restrictions are there on hours that may be worked?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 5.2 -What minimum wage requirements exist?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 5.3 -What is the required schedule for paying wages, and in what form and currency must they be paid?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 5.4 -What overtime pay requirements exist?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 5.5 -What bonuses are mandated or customary?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 5.6 -Are there any rules related to pay equity or pay transparency?
§ 6 Time Off From Work
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 6.1 -What public, statutory, or national holidays are required, and what are the requirements if employees work on such holidays?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 6.2 -What are the requirements for short-term sick pay, and who pays it?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 6.3 -What are the requirements for paid vacation or annual leave?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 6.4 -What requirements exist for paid or unpaid maternity and paternity leave?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 6.5 -What requirements are there for new mothers (e.g., part-time work, breaks for breast feeding, or day care)?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 6.6 -What requirements exist for paid or unpaid medical leaves of absence?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 6.7 -What other paid or unpaid leaves of absence must be provided by employers?
§ 9 Privacy & Protection of Employee Personal Information
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 9.1 -What rules regulate an employer's obligation to protect the privacy of personal data about employees, and what is the scope of the employees protection(s)?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 9.2 -What information must the employer provide to employees before processing (e.g., collecting, storing, using, disclosing, etc.) their personal data, and what are the potential consequences for failure to comply?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 9.3 -What restrictions apply to an employer's export of its employees personal data to related companies in the United States?
§ 10 Representation of Workers, Trade Unions & Works Councils
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 10.1 -Do workers have a freedom of association and representation?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 10.2 -Does the law require workers to be a member of a trade union, and/or require the employer to establish a works council?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 10.3 -How do workers obtain trade union representation?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 10.4 -Does the law permit picketing, strikes, lockouts, and/or secondary action?
§ 12 Termination of Employment
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 12.1 -What grounds for dismissal/termination of contract are permitted?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 12.2 -What reasons for dismissal/termination of contract are prohibited?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 12.3 -What notice requirements are there for dismissal and may the employer provide pay in lieu of notice?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 12.4 -How is termination pay calculated, including any commissions, and when must it be paid?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 12.5 -Are there rights to severance pay and how is severance calculated?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 12.6 -How can former employees bring claims on behalf of other workers (i.e., a collective or class action)?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 12.7 -May employers compel employees to arbitrate claims of wrongful dismissal?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 12.8 -Can an employer obtain a release of claims from a former employee?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 12.9 -What procedures and terms are required to have an enforceable separation agreement with a former employee?
§ 13 Collective Dismissals (Layoffs) & Business Cessation
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 13.1 -What rules apply to collective dismissals?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 13.2 -Are there special rules that apply when an employer ceases operations?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 13.3 -Are certain employees protected from collective dismissal?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 13.4 -How long does the collective dismissal process usually take?
§ 14 Employment & Sale of a Business
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 14.1 -In the sale of a business's stocks (shares), what (if anything) does corporate law or labor/employment law require of the seller as to pre-deal-closing notification to, or consultation with, the seller's employees, employee representatives, or government labor agencies?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 14.2 -Regarding seller's employees, what (if any) mandates does the law impose on a seller contemplating a stock (shares) sale of its business?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 14.3 -In a sale of a business's assets, do the seller's employees transfer to the buyer by operation of law?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 14.4 -Where a seller of business assets does not intend to employ its staff after closing the asset sale, does the law allow the parties to the asset sale to structure an “employer substitution” or mandatory transfer so as to avoid triggering severance pay obligations for the asset seller?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 14.5 -How do parties best structure those employer substitutions/transfers? Can they be structured without employee consent?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 14.6 -In the sale of a business's assets, what (if anything) does corporate law or labor/employment law require of the seller as to pre-deal-closing notification to, or consultation with, employees, employee representatives, or government labor agencies?
- Littler Int'l Guide - European Union § 14.8 -Before a buyer consummates either a stock (shares) or asset purchase of another business that has its own, separate workforce, what (if anything) does the law expressly require regarding notice to, or consultation with, the buyer's own existing workforce, employee representatives, or with government labor agencies?