Introducción histórica
Author | Eduardo Berché Moreno |
Profession | Catedrático de Derecho Financiero y Tributario, Facultad de Derecho de ESADE-URL |
Pages | 27-32 |
Page 27
Previo al análisis que desarrollaremos relativo a los procedimientos aduaneros, a los regímenes aduaneros y a la deuda aduanera, consideramos importante destacar algunas referencias históricas para facilitar la comprensión de la situación actual de las aduanas en España y en la Unión Europea, enmarcadas dentro de los esquemas y estructuras normativas de la organización mundial de comercio.
En primer lugar, la incorporación de España en la entonces denominada comunidad Económica Europea. Con fecha 1 de enero de 1986 España se incorporó a la CEE, lo que supuso una verdadera revolución en lo que hasta el momento había sido la legislación por la que se regían las operaciones aduaneras.
La obligatoria aplicación de todos los reglamentos que hasta la fecha habían sido ya publicados por el consejo y la comisión de las comunidades supuso una avalancha legislativa que, ineludiblemente, tuvo que aplicarse desde dicha fecha.
Dentro de estas nuevas normas de obligado cumplimiento merece mención especial el cambio que sufre la legislación para la determinación del valor de las mercancías de importación a efectos aduaneros. En este sentido, deja de ser aplicable la llamada «Definición de Bruselas» que había sido aplicable hasta el 31 de diciembre de 1985, y se sustituyó por el «código de Valoración del GATT».
Este cambio supuso el paso de una normativa que se basaba en una concepción teórica y regulada del valor de la mercancía importada a otra en la que
Page 28
el principio básico era el valor de transacción. De esta manera, los cálculos para establecer el valor en aduana de las mercancías importadas pasaba a responder a criterios basados en datos objetivos y cuantificables en lugar de a datos teóricos y regulados.
Esta modificación en un tema tan fundamental como es el de la determinación del valor en aduana de las mercancías de importación, hubiera bastado para considerar como trascendente, desde el punto de vista de la legislación aduanera y sobre todo, desde el punto de vista más fiscal, nuestra incorporación a la entonces denominada CEE.
Pero a más del ya indicado cambio en la legislación de la determinación del valor, la incorporación de España en la CEE supuso modificaciones legislativas tan importantes como, por ejemplo:
· La aplicación de la Política Agraria dentro de la organización común de mercados (conocida como la PAC).
· La existencia de un período transitorio en el que se aplican tipos de arancel específicos en las operaciones entre los Estados miembros de la CEE, tipos que fueron reduciéndose de año en año, hasta dejarlos a tipo cero.
· La distribución de los derechos arancelarios recaudados en las importaciones de terceros países como recursos propios de la Hacienda española y recursos de la comunidad.
· La aplicación de beneficios arancelarios a las mercancías originarias de determinados países en vías de desarrollo o de determinadas áreas geográficas, para los cuales la CEE previamente les había concedido dichos beneficios.
Si la fecha de 1 de enero de 1986 fue, por lo indicado, una fecha básica en materia aduanera, no lo fue menos el 1 de enero de 1993...
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