Pluralism in the online environment: assessment of the risks

• Author: Carlini, Roberta; Brogi, Elda
• Pages: 20-23

4. Pluralism in the online environment: assessment of the risks

ｔｨ･ ･ｸｴｲ｡｣ｴｩｯｮ ｯｦ ｡ ､ｩｧｩｴ｡ｬ ｳ｣ｯｲ･ ｦｯｲ ｉｴ｡ｬｹ ｳｨｯｷｳ ｡ ｧ･ｮ･ｲ｡ｬ ･ｱｵｩｶ｡ｬ･ｮ｣･ ｢･ｴｷ･･ｮ ｴｨ･ ｯｶ･ｲ｡ｬｬ ｲｩｳｫ ｦｯｲ ｭ･､ｩ｡ ｰｬｵｲ｡ｬｩｳｭ ｦｯｲ

ｴｨ･ ｣ｯｵｮｴｲｹ ｡ｮ､ ｴｨ･ ､ｩｧｩｴ｡ｬＭｳｰ･｣ｩｦｩ｣ ｣ｯｭｰｯｮ･ｮｴ ｯｦ ｴｨ･ ｡ｮ｡ｬｹｳｩｳＮ ｔｨ･ ｲｩｳｫｳ ｩｳ ｨｩｧｨ･ｲ ｩｮ ｴｨ･ ｓｯ｣ｩ｡ｬ ｉｮ｣ｬｵｳｩｶ･ｮ･ｳｳ ｡ｲ･｡Ｌ ､ｵ･

ｴｯ ｴｨ･ ｨｩｧｨ ｲｩｳｫ ｡ｳｳ･ｳｳｭ･ｮｴ ｦｯｲ ｭ･､ｩ｡ ｬｩｴ･ｲ｡｣ｹ ｡ｮ､ ｦｯｲ ｨ｡ｴ･ ｳｰ･･｣ｨ ｯｮｬｩｮ･Ｎ ｔｨ･ ｡ｳｳ･ｳｳｭ･ｮｴ ｯｦ ｴｨ･ ｲｩｳｫｳ ｦｯｲ ｰｬｵｲ｡ｬｩｳｭ ｩｮ

ｴｨ･ ｯｮｬｩｮ･ ｳｰｨ･ｲ･ ｡ｬｳｯ ｩｭｰ｡｣ｴｳ ｵｰｯｮ ｡ｬｬ ｴｨ･ ｯｴｨ･ｲ ｩｮ､ｩ｣｡ｴｯｲｳ ｯｦ ｴｨ･ ｭｯｮｩｴｯｲＮ ｉｮ ｴｨ･ ｍ｡ｲｫ･ｴ ｰｬｵｲ｡ｬｩｴｹ ｡ｲ･｡Ｌ ｴｨ･ ｮ･ｷ ､ｩｧｩｴ｡ｬ

･｣ｯｮｯｭｹ ｦｯｳｴ･ｲｳ ｴｨ･ ｣ｯｮ｣･ｮｴｲ｡ｴｩｯｮ ｯｦ ｴｨ･ ｬ･ｧ｡｣ｹ ｭ･､ｩ｡ ｩｮ､ｵｳｴｲｹＬ ｴｨ･ ､ｯｭｩｮ｡ｮ｣･ ｯｦ ｧ｡ｴ･ｷ｡ｹｳ ｴｯ ｩｮｦｯｲｭ｡ｴｩｯｮ ｯｮｬｩｮ･Ｌ ｡ｮ､

ｴｨｲ･｡ｴ･ｮｳ ｮ･ｷｳ ｭ･､ｩ｡ ｶｩ｡｢ｩｬｩｴｹ［ ｷｨｩｬ･Ｌ ｩｮ ｴｨ･ ｐｯｬｩｴｩ｣｡ｬ ｡ｲ･｡Ｌ ｴｨ･ ｲｵｬ･ｳ ｳ･ｴ ｦｯｲ ｴｨ･ ｰｯｬｩｴｩ｣｡ｬ ｣ｯｭｭｵｮｩ｣｡ｴｩｯｮＬ ｷｨｩ｣ｨ ｡ｲ･

｡ｬｲ･｡､ｹ ｳ｣｡ｲ｣･ｬｹ ･ｦｦ･｣ｴｩｶ･ ｩｮ ｧｵ｡ｲ｡ｮｴ･･ｩｮｧ ｰｯｬｩｴｩ｣｡ｬ ｰｬｵｲ｡ｬｩｳｭＬ ｣｡ｮ ｢･ ｡ｰｰｬｩ･､ ｯｮｬｹ ｴｯ ｴｲ｡､ｩｴｩｯｮ｡ｬ ｭ･､ｩ｡Ｎ ｓｯｭ･ ｳｩｧｮ｡ｬｳ ｯｦ

ｲ･ｳｩｬｩ･ｮ｣･ ｣ｯｭ･ ｦｲｯｭ ｡ｬｴ･ｲｮ｡ｴｩｶ･ ｢ｵｳｩｮ･ｳｳ ｭｯ､･ｬｳＬ ｦｲｯｭ ｴｨ･ ｡ｴｴ･ｭｰｴｳ ｴｯ ､･ｶ･ｬｯｰ ｮ･ｷ ｰｯｬｩ｣ｩ･ｳ ｡ｮ､ ｲ･ｧｵｬ｡ｴｩｯｮＬ ｡ｮ､ ｧｲ｡ｳｳＭ

ｲｯｯｴ＠ｩｮｩｴｩ｡ｴｩｶ･ｳ＠ｩｮ＠ｭ･､ｩ｡＠ｬｩｴ･ｲ｡｣ｹＮ

ｆｲ･･､ｯｭ＠ｯｦ＠･ｸｰｲ･ｳｳｩｯｮ＠ｯｮｬｩｮ･＠｡ｮ､＠､ｩｧｩｴ｡ｬ＠ｴｨｲ･｡ｴｳ

ｉｮ ｴｨ･ ｂ｡ｳｩ｣ ｐｲｯｴ･｣ｴｩｯｮ ｡ｲ･｡Ｌ ｴｨ･ ｡ｶ･ｲ｡ｧ･ ｳ｣ｯｲ･ ｦｯｲ ､ｩｧｩｴ｡ｬ ｶ｡ｲｩ｡｢ｬ･ｳ ｩｳ ｳｬｩｧｨｴｬｹ ｬｯｷ･ｲ ｴｨ｡ｮ ｴｨ･ ｯｶ･ｲ｡ｬｬ ｳ｣ｯｲ･ ｦｯｲ ｴｨ･ ｡ｲ･｡Ｎ

ｔｨ･ ｳ｣ｯｲ･ ｦｯｲ ｉｴ｡ｬｹ ｭ｡ｹ ｢･ｮ･ｦｩｴ ｦｲｯｭ ｡ ｢･ｴｴ･ｲ ｳ｣ｯｲ･ ｩｮ ｲ･ｬ｡ｴｩｯｮ ｴｯ ｡｣｣･ｳｳ ｴｯ ｴｨ･ ｩｮｴ･ｲｮ･ｴＬ ｡ｳ ｢ｲｯ｡､｢｡ｮ､ ｴ｡ｫ･Ｍｵｰ ｡ｮ､

｣ｯｶ･ｲ｡ｧ･ ｨ｡ｶ･ ｩｭｰｲｯｶ･､ ｳｩｮ｣･ ｴｨ･ ｬ｡ｳｴ ｩｭｰｬ･ｭ･ｮｴ｡ｴｩｯｮ ｯｦ ｴｨ･ ｍｐｍ ｩｮ ＲＰＱＷ［ ｮｯｮ･ｴｨ･ｬ･ｳｳＬ ｴｨ･ ｣ｯｮｮ･｣ｴｩｯｮ ｳｰ･･､ Ｈｷｨｩ｣ｨ

ｨ｡ｳ＠｡ｬｳｯ＠ｩｭｰｲｯｶ･､Ｉ＠ｲ･ｭ｡ｩｮｳ＠ｵｮ､･ｲ＠ｴｨ･＠ｅｕ＠ｭ･､ｩ｡ｮＮ

ｔｨ･ ｭｯｳｴ ｣ｨ｡ｬｬ･ｮｧｩｮｧ ､ｩｧｩｴ｡ｬ ｲｩｳｫｳ ｩｮ ｴｨ･ ｢｡ｳｩ｣ ｰｲｯｴ･｣ｴｩｯｮ ｯｦ ｭ･､ｩ｡ ｰｬｵｲ｡ｬｩｳｭ ｡ｲ･ ｲ･ｬ｡ｴ･､ ｴｯ ｴｨ･ ｢｡ｬ｡ｮ｣･ ｢･ｴｷ･･ｮ ｦｲ･･､ｯｭ

ｯｦ ･ｸｰｲ･ｳｳｩｯｮ ｡ｮ､ ｴｨ･ ｧｲｯｷｩｮｧ ｣ｯｮ｣･ｲｮ ｡｢ｯｵｴ ｩｬｬ･ｧ｡ｬ ｡ｮ､Ｏｯｲ ｨ｡ｲｭｦｵｬ ｣ｯｮｴ･ｮｴＬ ｭｩｳｩｮｦｯｲｭ｡ｴｩｯｮ ｡ｮ､ ｨ｡ｴ･ ｳｰ･･｣ｨＮ

ａｬｴｯｧ･ｴｨ･ｲＬ ｴｨ･ ｉｮｴ･ｲｮ･ｴ ･ｮｶｩｲｯｮｭ･ｮｴ ｩｮ ｉｴ｡ｬｹ ｩｳ ｦｲ･･ ＨｆｯｎＬ ＲＰＱＹＩＮ ａｳ ｲ･ｧ｡ｲ､ｳ ｦｲ･･､ｯｭ ｯｦ ･ｸｰｲ･ｳｳｩｯｮ ｯｮｬｩｮ･Ｌ ｴｨ･ ｓｴ｡ｴ･

ｧ･ｮ･ｲ｡ｬｬｹ ｲ･ｦｲ｡ｩｮ ｦｲｯｭ ｦｩｬｴ･ｲｩｮｧ ｯｲ ｢ｬｯ｣ｫｩｮｧ ｯｮｬｩｮ･ ｣ｯｮｴ･ｮｴ ｩｮ ｡ｮ ｡ｲ｢ｩｴｲ｡ｲｹ ｷ｡ｹＮ ｔｨ･ ｲ･ｭｯｶ｡ｬＬ ｦｩｬｴ･ｲｩｮｧ ｯｲ ｴ｡ｫｩｮｧ ､ｯｷｮ ｯｦ

ｩｬｬ･ｧ｡ｬ ｣ｯｮｴ･ｮｴ ｩｳ ｳｯ ｦ｡ｲ ｲ･ｧｵｬ｡ｴ･､ ｢ｹ ｴｨ･ ｧ･ｮ･ｲ｡ｬ ｬ｡ｷ ｡ｮ､ ｡､ｭｩｮｩｳｴｲ｡ｴ･､ ｢ｹ ｴｨ･ ｣ｯｵｲｴｳ［ ｴｨ･ ｯｮｬｹ ｳｰ･｣ｩｦｩ｣ ｭ･｡ｳｵｲ･ｳ ｷｩｴｨｩｮ

ｴｨ･ ｉｴ｡ｬｩ｡ｮ ｬ･ｧ｡ｬ ｳｹｳｴ･ｭ ｡ｲ･ ｡ｩｭ･､ ｡ｴ ｰｲｯｭｰｴｬｹ ｲ･ｳｰｯｮ､ｩｮｧ ｴｯ ｣ｨｩｬ､ ｡｢ｵｳ･ ｡ｮ､ ･ｸｰｬｯｩｴ｡ｴｩｯｮＬ ｡ｮ､ ｴｯ ｩｬｬ･ｧ｡ｬ ｧ｡ｭ｢ｬｩｮｧＬ ｢ｹ

ｧｲ｡ｮｴｩｮｧ ｣･ｲｴ｡ｩｮ ｰｯｷ･ｲｳ ｴｯ ｴｨ･ ｰｯｬｩ｣･Ｎ ｏｴｨ･ｲ ｴｨ｡ｮ ｦｯｲ ｶｩｯｬ｡ｴｩｯｮｳ ｴｨ｡ｴ ｡ｲ･ ｰｵｮｩｳｨ｡｢ｬ･ ｢ｹ ｴｨ･ ｣ｲｩｭｩｮ｡ｬ ｬ｡ｷＬ ｷ･｢ｳｩｴ･ｳ ｣｡ｮ ｢･

｢ｬｯ｣ｫ･､ ｯｲ ｦｩｮ･､ ｦｯｲ ｨｯｳｴｩｮｧ ｣ｯｰｹｲｩｧｨｴＭｶｩｯｬ｡ｴｩｮｧ ｣ｯｮｴ･ｮｴＮ ｄ｡ｴ｡ ｡ｮ､ ｰｲｯ｣･､ｵｲ･ｳ ｯｮ ｴｨ･ ｲ･ｭｯｶ｡ｬ ｯｦ ｣ｯｰｹｲｩｧｨｴ･､ ｣ｯｮｴ･ｮｴ ｡ｲ･

ｰｵ｢ｬｩ｣ｬｹ ｡ｶ｡ｩｬ｡｢ｬ･ ｯｮ ａｇｃｏｍＧｳ ｷ･｢ｳｩｴ･Ｎ ｗｨ･ｮ ｩｴ ｣ｯｭ･ｳ ｴｯ ｴｨ･ ｲｯｬ･ ｯｦ ､ｩｧｩｴ｡ｬ ｰｬ｡ｴｦｯｲｭｳ ｡ｮ､ ｩｮｴ･ｲｭ･､ｩ｡ｲｩ･ｳＬ ｳｯｭ･ ｲｩｳｫｳ

｣｡ｮ ｡ｲｩｳ･ ｦｲｯｭ ､ｩｳｰｲｯｰｯｲｴｩｯｮ｡ｴ･ ｣ｯｮｴ･ｮｴ ｭｯ､･ｲ｡ｴｩｯｮ ｡ｳ ｡ ｲ･｡｣ｴｩｯｮＬ ･ＮｧＮＬ ｴｯ ｭｩｳｩｮｦｯｲｭ｡ｴｩｯｮＬ ､ｩｳｩｮｦｯｲｭ｡ｴｩｯｮ ｯｲ ｨ｡ｴ･ ｳｰ･･｣ｨＮ

ｄ･ｳｰｩｴ･ ｴｨ･ｳ･ ､･ｶ･ｬｯｰｭ･ｮｴｳ ｡ｮ､ ｡ ｲｩｳｩｮｧ ｰｯｬｩｴｩ｣｡ｬ ｣ｯｮ｣･ｲｮ Ｈｴｨ｡ｴ ｬ･､Ｌ ｩｮ ｡ｵｴｵｭｮＬ ＲＰＱＹＬ ｴｯ ｳｯｭ･ ｰｯｬｩｴｩ｣｡ｬ ｰｲｯｰｯｳ｡ｬｳ ｴｯ

｡｢ｯｬｩｳｨ ｡ｮｯｮｹｭｩｴｹ ｯｮ ｳｯ｣ｩ｡ｬ ｮ･ｴｷｯｲｫｳＩＬ ｦｲ･･､ｯｭ ｯｦ ･ｸｰｲ･ｳｳｩｯｮ ｯｮｬｩｮ･ ｦｩｮ､ｳ ｴｨ･ ｳ｡ｭ･ ｰｲｯｴ･｣ｴｩｯｮ ｡ｮ､ ｬｩｭｩｴｳ ｯｦ ｦｲ･･､ｯｭ ｯｦ

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