Introduction

• Author: García Graña, Geisel; Grassler, Marjorie; Vedel, Thierry
• Pages: 7-7

2. Introduction

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ｂｹ ｊ｡ｮｵ｡ｲｹ ＲＰＲＰＬ ｆｲ｡ｮ｣･ ｣ｯｵｮｴｳ ＶＷ ｭｩｬｬｩｯｮ ｩｮｨ｡｢ｩｴ｡ｮｴｳＬ ｡ｮ ｩｮ｣ｲ･｡ｳ･ ｯｦ ＰＬＳＥ ｯｶ･ｲ ＲＰＱＹＮ ｔｨ･ ､ｩｦｦ･ｲ･ｮｴ ｧ･ｯｧｲ｡ｰｨｩ｣｡ｬ ｡ｲ･｡ｳ

｡ｲ･ ｣ｯｭｰｯｳ･､ ｯｦＺ ｔｨ･ ｍ･ｴｲｯｰｯｬｩｴ｡ｮ ｆｲ｡ｮ｣･Ｌ ｷｩｴｨ ＹＶ ､･ｰ｡ｲｴｭ･ｮｴｳ ＨＶＴＬＸＹＸＬＰＰＰ ｰ･ｯｰｬ･ＩＬ ＲＲ ｲ･ｧｩｯｮｳＬ ｡ｮ､ ｴｨ･ ｯｶ･ｲｳ･｡ｳ

､･ｰ｡ｲｴｭ･ｮｴｳ ｡ｮ､ ｴ･ｲｲｩｴｯｲｩ･ｳ Ｍ ｄｒｏｍ Ｍ ＨＲＬＱＶＶＬＰＰＰ ｰ･ｯｰｬ･ＩＮ ｔｨｩｳ ｬ｡ｳｴ ｯｮ･ｳ ｡､､ ｵｰ ｴｯ ｡ ｴｯｴ｡ｬ ｯｦ ｦｩｶ･ ｯｶ･ｲｳ･｡ｳ ､･ｰ｡ｲｴｭ･ｮｴｳ

｡ｮ､＠ｳｩｸ＠ｯｶ･ｲｳ･｡ｳ＠ｴ･ｲｲｩｴｯｲｩ･ｳ＠Ｈｲ･ｧｩｯｮｳＩＮ

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ｗｨｩｬ･ ｆｲ･ｮ｣ｨ ｩｳ ｴｨ･ ｯｦｦｩ｣ｩ｡ｬ ｬ｡ｮｧｵ｡ｧ･Ｌ ｳ･ｶ･ｲ｡ｬ ｲ･ｧｩｯｮ｡ｬ ｬ｡ｮｧｵ｡ｧ･ｳ ｡ｲ･ ｰｲ･ｳ･ｮｴ ｩｮ ｴｨ･ ｣ｯｵｮｴｲｹＬ ｴｯｧ･ｴｨ･ｲ ｷｩｴｨ ｯｴｨ･ｲｳ ｳｰｯｫ･ｮ

ｩｮ ｆｲ｡ｮ｣･Ｇｳ ｯｶ･ｲｳ･｡ｳ ｴ･ｲｲｩｴｯｲｩ･ｳＮ ｗｩｴｨｩｮ ｴｨ･ ､ｩｶ･ｲｳ･ ｧ･ｯｧｲ｡ｰｨｩ｣ ｡ｲ･｡ｳＬ ＱＵ ｬｯ｣｡ｬ ｬ｡ｮｧｵ｡ｧ･ｳ ｡ｲ･ ｵｳ･､ ｩｮ ｴｨ･ ｐｵ｢ｬｩ｣ ｓ･ｲｶｩ｣･

ｍ･､ｩ｡Ｌ ｳｵ｣ｨ ｡ｳ ａｬｳ｡ｴｩ｡ｮＬ ｂ｡ｳｱｵ･Ｌ ｂｲ･ｴｯｮＬ ｃｯｲｳ･Ｌ ｃ｡ｴ｡ｬ｡ｮＬ ｏ｣｣ｩｴ｡ｮＬ ｐｩ｣｡ｲ､Ｌ ｆｲ｡ｮ｣ｯＭｐｲｯｶ･ｮ￧｡ｬＬ ｆｲ｡ｮｫｩｳｨＬ ｎｯｲｭ｡ｮ､Ｌ ｇ｡ｬｬｯＬ

ｃｨ｡ｭｰ･ｮｯｩｳＬ＠ｐｯｩｴ･ｶｩｮＭｓ｡ｩｮｴｯｮｧ･｡ｩｳＬ＠ｋ｡ｮ｡ｫ＠ｬ｡ｮｧｵ｡ｧ･ｳＬ＠ｃｲ･ｯｬ･＠ｬ｡ｮｧｵ｡ｧ･ｳ＠｡ｮ､＠ｗ｡ｬｬｯｯｮＮ＠

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ｆｲ｡ｮ｣･ ｨ｡ｳ ｢･･ｮ ｧｯｶ･ｲｮ･､ ｳｩｮ｣･ ＲＰＱＷ ｢ｹ ｴｨ･ ｣･ｮｴｲｩｳｴ ｡ｮ､ ｬｩ｢･ｲ｡ｬ ｬ･｡､･ｲ ｯｦ ｌ｡ ｒ￩ｰｵ｢ｬｩｱｵ･ ･ｮ ｍ｡ｲ｣ｨ･Ｌ ｅｭｭ｡ｮｵ･ｬ ｍ｡｣ｲｯｮＬ

ｷｨｯ ｨ｡ｳ ｩｭｰｵｬｳ･､ ｳ･ｶ･ｲ｡ｬ ｳｴｲｵ｣ｴｵｲ｡ｬ ｲ･ｦｯｲｭｳＮ ａｭｯｮｧ ｴｨ･ｭＬ ｴｨ･ ｩｭｰｬ･ｭ･ｮｴ｡ｴｩｯｮ ｯｦ ｴｨ･ ｮ･ｷ ､ｩ･ｳ･ｬ ｡ｮ､ ｰ･ｴｲｯｬ ｴ｡ｸＬ ｷｨｩ｣ｨ

ｨ｡ｳ ｬ･､ ｴｯ ｡ ｮ･ｷ ｦｯｲｭ ｯｦ ｭｯｶ･ｭ･ｮｴ ｣｡ｬｬ･､ ｴｨ･ ｙ･ｬｬｯｷ ｖ･ｳｴｳＮ ｔｨ･ ｰｲｯｴ･ｳｴ･ｲｳＬ ｳｵｰｰｯｲｴ･､ ｢ｹ ｴｨ･ ｰ･ｯｰｬ･ ｡ｮ､ ｩｳｳｵ･､ ｦｲｯｭ

ｰ･ｲｩｰｨ･ｲ｡ｬ ｴｯｷｮｳＬ ｣ｩｴｩ･ｳ ｡ｮ､ ｲｵｲ｡ｬ ｡ｲ･｡ｳＬ ｨ｡ｶ･ ｢･･ｮ ｵｳｩｮｧ ｶｩｯｬ･ｮ｣･ ｡ｧ｡ｩｮｳｴ ｪｯｵｲｮ｡ｬｩｳｴｳＬ ｡ｳ ｴｨ･ｹ ｣ｯｮｳｩ､･ｲ ｴｨ･ ｭ･､ｩ｡ ｴｯ ｢･

ｰ｡ｲｴ ｯｦ ｴｨ･ ｣ｯｮｦｬｩ｣ｴｩｶ･ ｳｯ｣ｩｯｰｯｬｩｴｩ｣｡ｬ ｳｩｴｵ｡ｴｩｯｮＮ ｉｮ ｡､､ｩｴｩｯｮ ｴｯ ｴｨｩｳＬ ｭ･ｭ｢･ｲｳ ｯｦ ｴｨ･ ｰｯｬｩ｣･ ｦｯｲ｣･ｳ ｨ｡ｶ･ ｡ｬｳｯ ｵｳ･､ ｣ｯ･ｲ｣ｩｶ･

ｭ･｡ｳｵｲ･ｳ＠｡ｧ｡ｩｮｳｴ＠ｪｯｵｲｮ｡ｬｩｳｴｳＮ

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ｗｨｩｬ･ ｦ｡｣ｩｮｧ ｴｨ･ ｢ｩｧｧ･ｳｴ ｦ｡ｬｬ ｩｮ ｴｲｵｳｴ ＨＲＴＥＩ ｡ｮ､ ､･ｳｰｩｴ･ ｨ｡ｶｩｮｧ ｡ ｰｯｷ･ｲｦｵｬ ｭ･､ｩ｡ ｩｮ､ｵｳｴｲｹＬ ｴｨ･ ｆｲ･ｮ｣ｨ ｭ･､ｩ｡ ･｣ｯｳｹｳｴ･ｭ

ｩｳ ｳｴｩｬｬ ｳｴｲｵｧｧｬｩｮｧ ｷｩｴｨ ｩｴｳ ｡､｡ｰｴ｡ｴｩｯｮ ｴｯ ､ｩｧｩｴ｡ｬｩｳ｡ｴｩｯｮＮ ｔｨ･ｲ･ ｡ｲ･ ＳＶＹ ｧ･ｮ･ｲ｡ｬ ｩｮｦｯｲｭ｡ｴｩｯｮ ｮ･ｷｳｰ｡ｰ･ｲｳＬ ＱＬＵＱＲ ｬｯ｣｡ｬ ｭ･､ｩ｡

ｩｮ ｆｲ｡ｮ｣･ ｡ｮ､ ＳＱ ｴ･ｲｲ･ｳｴｲｩ｡ｬ ｴ･ｬ･ｶｩｳｩｯｮ ｣ｨ｡ｮｮ･ｬｳＮ ｏｵｴ ｯｦ ｴｨ･ｳ･Ｌ ＴＱ ｬｯ｣｡ｬ ｣ｨ｡ｮｮ･ｬｳ ｡ｲ･ ｰｲ･ｳ･ｮｴ ｩｮ ｴｨ･ ｭ･ｴｲｯｰｯｬｩｴ｡ｮ ｡ｲ･｡ ｡ｮ､

ＲＶ ｰｵ｢ｬｩ｣ ｡ｮ､ ｰｲｩｶ｡ｴ･ ｣ｨ｡ｮｮ･ｬｳ ｯｰ･ｲ｡ｴ･ ｷｩｴｨｩｮ ｴｨ･ ｯｶ･ｲｳ･｡ｳ ､･ｰ｡ｲｴｭ･ｮｴｳ ｡ｮ､ ｴ･ｲｲｩｴｯｲｩ･ｳＮ ｒ･ｧ｡ｲ､ｩｮｧ ｴｨ･ ｲ｡､ｩｯ ｳｴ｡ｴｩｯｮｳＬ

ｭｯｲ･ ｴｨ｡ｮ ＱＬＰＰＰ ｰｲｩｶ｡ｴ･ ｡ｮ､ ｰｵ｢ｬｩ｣ ｯｰ･ｲ｡ｴｯｲｳ ｢ｲｯ｡､｣｡ｳｴ ｩｮ ｆｲ｡ｮ｣･ ｡ｮ､ ｯｶ･ｲｳ･｡ｳ ｡ｮ､ ｮ･｡ｲｬｹ ＴＬＷＰＰ ｦｲ･ｱｵ･ｮ｣ｩ･ｳ ｣｡ｮ ｢･ ｵｳ･､

ｯｮ ｴｨ･ ｆｍ ｢｡ｮ､Ｎ ｔｨ･ ｴｨｲ･･ ｣ｯｭｰ｡ｮｩ･ｳ ｲ･ｳｰｯｮｳｩ｢ｬ･ ｦｯｲ ｴｨ･ ｰｵ｢ｬｩ｣ ｳ･ｲｶｩ｣･ ｲ｡､ｩｯ ･ｭｩｳｳｩｯｮ ｡ｲ･Ｚ ｒ｡､ｩｯ ｆｲ｡ｮ｣･Ｌ ｆｲ｡ｮ｣･

ｔ￩ｬ￩ｶｩｳｩｯｮｳ＠ｷｩｴｨ＠ｲ｡､ｩｯ＠ｏｵｴｲ･Ｍｭ･ｲ＠Ｑ￨ｲ･＠｡ｮ､＠ｆｲ｡ｮ｣･＠ｍ￩､ｩ｡ｳ＠ｍｯｮ､･＠ｷｩｴｨ＠ｒ｡､ｩｯ＠ｆｲ｡ｮ｣･＠ｉｮｴ･ｲｮ｡ｴｩｯｮ｡ｬ･＠ＨｒｆｉＩＮ

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ｓｵｲｲｯｵｮ､･､ ｢ｹ ｴｨｩｳ ｣ｯｮｴ･ｸｴＬ ｴｨ･ ｬ｡ｳｴ ｰｲ･ｳｩ､･ｮ｣ｹ ｳｴ｡ｴ･､ ｴｨ･ ｷｩｬｬ ｯｦ ｴｲ｡ｮｳｦｯｲｭｩｮｧ ｴｨ･ ｰｵ｢ｬｩ｣ ｳ･ｲｶｩ｣･ ｭ･､ｩ｡ ｩｮｴｯ ｡ ｆｲ･ｮ｣ｨ

ｂｂｃＮ ａｳ ｡ ｣ｯｮｳ･ｱｵ･ｮ｣･ ｯｦ ｴｨ･ ｦｵｴｵｲ･ ｡ｵ､ｩｯｶｩｳｵ｡ｬ ｲ･ｦｯｲｭＬ ｡ｬｬ ｰｵ｢ｬｩ｣ ｭ･､ｩ｡ ｷｩｬｬ ｢･ ｣ｯｮ｣･ｮｴｲ｡ｴ･､ ｩｮ ｯｮ･ ｨｯｬ､ｩｮｧＬ ｲ｡ｩｳｩｮｧ

ｦ･｡ｲｳ ｯｦ ｢ｲｩｮｧｩｮｧ ｢｡｣ｫ ｴｨ･ ｡ｮ｣ｩ･ｮｴ ｏｦｦｩ｣･ ､･ ｒ｡､ｩｯ､ｩｦｦｵｳｩｯｮ ｔ￩ｬ￩ｶｩｳｩｯｮ ｆｲ｡ｮ￧｡ｩｳ･ ＨｏｒｔｆＩＮ ｔｨ･ ｬ｡ｷＬ ｣ｯｭｭｯｮｬｹ ｫｮｯｷｮ ｡ｳ

󰜝ａｮｴｩ ｆ｡ｫ･ ｎ･ｷｳ󰜞Ｌ ｩｳ ｡ｮｯｴｨ･ｲ ｩｭｰｯｲｴ｡ｮｴ ｲ･ｦｯｲｭ ｯｦ ｴｨ･ ｡ｳｳ･ｳｳ･､ ｰ･ｲｩｯ､ ｴｨ｡ｴ ･ｭ｢ｯ､ｩ･ｳ ｴｨ･ ｮ･･､ ｦｯｲ ｭｯｲ･ ｲ･ｧｵｬ｡ｴｩｯｮ ｯｦ ｴｨ･

ｮ･ｷ＠､ｩｧｩｴ｡ｬ＠ｬ｡ｮ､ｳ｣｡ｰ･Ｎ

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