Protection against the malicious use of unmanned aircraft systems

• Author: Vasilis Karlos - Martin Larcher
• Pages: 78-85

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6!Protection againstthe malicious use of unmanned aircraft systems

6.1!Introduction

An unmanned aircraft system (UAS), commonly referred to as‘drone’, consists of an unmanned aircraft(also

known as unmanned aerial vehicle), the remotely located operator and the components (usually ground control

system) through which the communication between those two is achieved. Initially they were constructed and

operated within a military context, but their technological advancement, cost reduction and diverse capabilities

have led to their extensive use in the civilian domain as they can satisfy the needs of the industry, business

and consumer sectors. Many industries have been employing UAS for conducting various activities, including

but not limited to, inspections, surveillance, agriculture-related activities, courier services, topographical

mapping, marketing, catering and emergency response. Over the last years, the public has been extensively

using UAS for recreational purposes as a result of the increased accessibility to a great number of affordable

solutions.Beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) flights that allow a drone to fly beyond visual range and the

expansion of 5G networks that support faster data speeds and lower latency are expected to revolutionize the

use of drones, while increasingworries regarding security.

The fast proliferation of UAS has raisedsecurity concerns, since they can be used by malicious actors, including

terrorists and organized crime. Their accessibility, difficult detection, simple and remote piloting make them a

valuable tool in the hands of aggressors who can use them to conduct surveillance, spread propaganda, disrupt

services or even target assets and people by weaponizing UAS with grenades, CBRN agents or Improvised

Explosive Devices (IEDs). Recent examples from around the world demonstrate that UAS are becoming a

significant security issue for both public spaces and critical infrastructures, as even off-the-shelf units can be

easily transformed into effective weapons and be used intentionally for malicious purposes.Moreover, attention

has being brought to the data being generated by the droneuse, such as images of critical infrastructures, and

whether this information isstored by the UAS manufacturer, thus being exposed to cyberattacks. For instance,

certain UAS produced in China have been recently being banned bythe USauthoritiesas they failed to meet

the ‘data management assurance standards’ as stated bythe US Department of Interior.

Tackling the security threats posed by the useof UAS for terrorist and criminal actions poses several challenges

that may be addressed througha combination of different approaches. Some of these approaches include

measures that set up a legislative framework regarding pilot licencing, aircraft registration and introduction of

flightrestricted zones. The latter may be imposed by the employment ofgeo-awareness and geo-fencing

functions,that are pre-installed in the UAS software and alertthe operator(geo-awareness) or prevent (geo-

fencing) the drone from approaching and entering a sensitive air space (geo-restriction). Clearly, these measures

do not offer protection against determined aggressors that may ignore/find ways to circumventthem in order

to strike. As a result, there are a number of available countermeasure systems (C-UAS) that incorporate

technologies that are able to detect, identify, track and/or intercept a single UASor a potential ‘swarm’ attack

that exploitsmultiple drones to accomplisha common objective. Such systems have already been employed in

conflict environments, someof which (especially effector-type solutions) cannot be directly used in the urban

layout, due to the presence of civilians and other facilities. In thischapter, the current threat from the use of

UAS for malicious purposes is presented, followed by an overview of available countermeasures intended for

use in the civil domain, underlining the effectiveness and limitations of each system.

6.2!UAS categories

As mentioned before, UAS are used for a variety of different purposes, resulting in different designs depending

on the use. When it comes to the protection of a building against UAS non-cooperative intrusions, the design

and capabilities of the UAS in the considered attack scenario is of importance, as each countermeasure is rarely

effective against all available UAS types. The main UAS categories are the vertical take-offand landing (VTOL)

systems and fixed-wing systems, the most popular being the VTOL categorywhich can take-off and land in a

vertical manner, having the advantage of a hovering ability and increased capabilities in an urban environment.

Each system has a maximum take-off mass (MTOM), that includes its payload capabilities, and depends on its

size and motors.The MTOM is a prerequisite for assessing the consequences from an attack with a modified

UAS that is transferring an IED, a grenade or a CBRN agent.

The European Commission in 2019 issued two regulations setting outrequirements for the design and

manufacture of UAS(delegated regulation EU 2019/945) that are intended to be operated under the detailed

provisions of (implementing regulation EU 2019/947). In these regulations a UAS classification system is