El debate nacional sobre europa en la campaña de los referenda
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España arrancó la primera en la carrera por ratificar en referéndum la Constitución Europea, después de que los líderes de la Unión firmaran el texto el 29 de octubre de 2004 en Roma, y llegó con muchas prisas a la meta del 'sí'. El debate sobre el contexto y no sobre el texto del tratado motivó que los ciudadanos, tradicionalmente poco interesados en los temas de la Unión Europea, no supieran qué acudieron a votar en este referéndum que se celebró el 20 de febrero de 2005. Si la finalidad de convocar la consulta era promover el debate en torno a esta cuestión, al que no contribuyeron los partidos políticos que se centraron en reprocharse la gestión de los asuntos de política interna, el desenlace en las urnas contó con una escasa participación, la más baja en la historia de la democracia española, aunque con una mayoría de apoyos al tratado motivados por la idea de que a España le beneficia estar en Europa.
El referéndum español logró un 42,32 por ciento de participación y un 76,72 por ciento de apoyos a la Constitución Europea. La opción del 'sí' al tratado fue la elegida por el Gobierno del PSOE, el partido popular, Convergencia i Unió, el partido Nacionalista Vasco y Coalición Canaria, frente la delPage 56 'no' por la que abogó izquierda Unida, Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya y el grupo mixto en el Congreso, integrado por el bloque Nacionalista Galego, Eusko alkartasuna, Nafarroa-Bai y Chunta aragonesista.
Las críticas al Gobierno y el argumento más recurrente de todos los partidos, a excepción de los socialistas, e incluso de los obispos, durante los actos de campaña previos a la celebración de la consulta, fueron sus prisas por convocar un referéndum precipitado al que los españoles acudieron a votar sin información, pese a que los ministros del gabinete de José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero planearon sobre la campaña para destacar los aspectos de la Constitución al tiempo que explicaban las novedades en materias de su competencia. Así, la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres, la política antiterrorista, los temas sanitarios y del sector agropecuario, los jóvenes, el plan Ibarretxe o las competencias de las Comunidades autónomas y las negociaciones con formaciones nacionalistas para recabar apoyos al tratado fueron algunos de los temas que más se plantearon y más se replicaron durante toda la campaña política. De hecho, la precampaña de la Constitución europea compartió escenario político con el plan Ibarretxe, ante el que tanto el PP como el PSOE defendieron el 'sí' al tratado europeo con el argumento de que la propuesta del lehendakari del país Vasco, Juan José Ibarretxe, no encajaba en el texto de la Unión que, a su vez, impediría que prosperaran los fines independentistas pretendidos en ese plan.
Los españoles que decidieron votar a favor del texto, pese a reconocer hasta en más de un 90 por ciento que no lo habían leído, lo hicieron motivados porque era indispensable para continuar la construcción europea o porque era la opción que defendía su partido. Por el contrario, quienes abogaron por el 'no' lo hicieron por falta de información o debido a que la Constitución Europea tiene, según manifestaron, poco...
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- Europa busca modelo
- Agradecimientos
- Prólogo. El rescate sustantivo del tratado constitucional europeo
- Introducción
- El 'si' a la constitución europea en los parlamentos nacionales y en las urnas
- La ausencia de opinión pública europea
- El debate nacional sobre europa en la campaña de los referenda
- El referéndum español I. El contexto político
- El referéndum español II. Las negociaciones con los grupos minoritarios
- El referéndum español III. La campaña electoral
- El referéndum español III. El 20-F
- El referéndum francés
- El referéndum holandés
- El referéndum en Luxemburgo
- Nueva agenda política para los ciudadanos europeos tras un año de reflexión
- Alemania retoma la cuestión constitucional con la intención de reanimarla y de relanzar la unidad de Europa
- La europa política de los amigos de la constitución pasa por un acuerdo de máximos
- La constitución europea, ¿un modelo para europa?
- Conclusiones
- Bibliografía
- Epílogo. El referéndum de la constitución europea y los medios de comunicación
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