El carácter del artículo 1154 CC
Author | Germán de Castro Vítores |
Profession | Doctor en Derecho. Profesor de Derecho civil. Universidad de Valladolid |
Pages | 123-124 |
Page 123
Se plantea la doctrina si el artículo 1154 tiene carácter imperativo, o puede excluirse convencionalmente su aplicación. Si aceptamos que el sistema del Código es el respeto a la voluntad de las partes, no hay más remedio que sostener su carácter dispositivo, como hacen ALBALADEJO y MAS BADÍA, a través de una «congelación de la pena», establecida de forma clara en el contrato328. Sin embargo, SANCHO REBULLIDA plantea un posible carácter imperativo del precepto, de manera que su fundamento se desvincularía un tanto de la voluntad presunta de las partes, y los contratantes no podrían evitar la actuación judicial moderadora, salvo que, contemplando en el contrato las distintas posibilidades de incumplimiento, establecieran unos criterios razonables que reajustaran la cuantía de la pena según el distinto grado de satisfacción del acreedor329.
Algunos formulan este carácter imperativo con mayor rotundidad, las partes no podrían impedir que intervenga el juicio de equidad330. Si bien, en realidad, si han dispuesto lo que indicaba SANCHO REBULLIDA, no debiera intervenir.
En Francia, antes de la reforma de 1975, se aceptaba el carácter dispositivo del artículo 1231 CCF. Después, se declara de orden público. Lo mismo sucede en Bélgica en la reforma de 1998. Ahora bien, lo más importante, como indica doctrina y jurisprudencia, es el carácter imperativo de la reductibilidad de la pena excesiva, igual que sucede en Alemania. Sentado esto, es fácil interpretar el artículo 1231 en conexión con esa otra imperatividad. Esto permite, por tanto, que las partes puedan realizar el ajuste privado de la pena a cumplimiento parcial, siempre que prevean aquél criterio razonable de que hablaba SANCHO REBULLIDA. No cabría, por la vía del art. 1231, convertir una pena para cumplimiento parcial en desproporcionada, y este es el sentido de la imperatividad de este último precepto, sin que convenga realizar del mismo una interpretación tan estricta que impida a los contratantes realizar por su cuenta el ajustePage 124 según la proporción de interés satisfecho, o fijar una pena concretamente para el cumplimiento parcial o irregular. Lo que no valdría es fijar una y la misma pena para el incumplimiento total y el parcial, lo mismo sostiene SANCHO REBULLIDA para nuestro derecho. Ni tampoco establecer un ajuste de la pena que desconozca la proporción entre el perjuicio derivado de incumplimiento total, y el que resulta del parcial331. En Alemania, según la...
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- La cláusula penal ante la armonización del derecho contractual europeo
- Presentación
- Planteamiento. Interés del estudio de la cláusula penal en el actual momento de gestación de un Derecho contractual europeo
- Abreviaturas
- Indicaciones sobre la cláusula penal en el Código civil español
- El artículo 170 del «Proyecto de Pavía», Ensayo de un punto de encuentro en la diversidad de tendencias y la controversia sobre la pena contractual. Consideraciones introductorias al examen del Derecho comparado
- Pena y fijación anticipada del daño
- Panorámica de Derecho comparado
- Conclusiones del análisis del Derecho comparado y examen de algunos textos
- La revisión judicial de la cláusula penal en el Código civil español; confrontación con la solución del Proyecto Pavía y otras en Derecho comparado
- El carácter del artículo 1154 CC
- La revisión casacional de la moderación judicial
- El Juez «modificará», el Juez «podrá moderar»
- Criterios y alcance de la moderación
- La cláusula penal inferior al daño
- Consideraciones conclusivas acerca de la posición del Derecho español en el contexto europeo
- Cláusula penal y cláusula abusiva
- Interés moratorio excesivo
- Abuso y exceso, nulidad y moderación en la jurisprudencia menor
- Bibliografía
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