Planteamiento. Interés del estudio de la cláusula penal en el actual momento de gestación de un Derecho contractual europeo
Author | Germán de Castro Vítores |
Profession | Doctor en Derecho. Profesor de Derecho civil. Universidad de Valladolid |
Pages | 13-15 |
Page 13
En el año 2001, los coordinadores del grupo de trabajo para la elaboración de un Comentario al Proyecto de Código Europeo de Contratos de la Academia de Pavía, me encargaron que realizara el comentario, entre otros, del precepto que en dicho «Anteproyecto» se refiere a la cláusula penal (artículo 170)2. El tema reviste notable interés, y por eso me ha parecido oportuno ir profundizando un poco más y desarrollar ahora con mayor detenimiento ciertos aspectos que en aquél momento, por la limitación de espacio impuesta en el Comentario, fue preciso dejar sólo apuntados en una apretada síntesis.
Es cierto que el documento elaborado por la Academia de Iusprivatistas Europeos tiene sólo un valor privado, pero se trata de uno de los materiales de referencia que señaló la propia autoridad Comunitaria, a tener en cuenta en la tarea de armonización del derecho contractual en Europa3.
Page 14
El interés del estudio radica en que el texto preparado por la Academia de Pavía refleja la evolución que esta figura jurídica ha experimentado en diversos ordenamientos en los últimos decenios, y a la vez coincide en lo fundamental con el texto preparado por la Comisión LANDO4, y con otros anteriores, como el que ofrecen al respecto los Principios UNIDROIT5. Esta evolución se corresponde con aquella otra general del derecho europeo contractual, que tiende a una convergencia, y en la que desde el principio ha jugado un papel importante la protección del adherente y el consumidor, y el contraste del principio de autonomía de la voluntad por la idea de buena fe y la proscripción del desequilibrio abusivo. La clave de bóveda de todo el movimiento, en mi opinión, radica en una idea que el Code de Napoleon había soslayado y luego recuperó6: así como la pena misma conmina al deudor a cumplir, su control judicial pesa como una amenaza sobre el acreedor que quisiera abusar de este medio. Por eso LETRARTE, comentando la reforma francesa de 1975, afirma: “la revolución de la justicia conmutativa ha comenzado naturalmente por la toma de una Bastilla: la cláusula penal”7.
Es oportuno, por lo tanto, examinar esta evolución, los textos europeos que reflejan esa idea inspiradora y los problemas que plantea el control judicial de la cláusula penal, y ponerlo en relación con lo que ha venido ocurriendo en el derecho español. La aparición, a lo largo de los años 90 del pasado siglo, de varias monografías españolas de calidad sobre la figura de la pena convencional...
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- La cláusula penal ante la armonización del derecho contractual europeo
- Presentación
- Planteamiento. Interés del estudio de la cláusula penal en el actual momento de gestación de un Derecho contractual europeo
- Abreviaturas
- Indicaciones sobre la cláusula penal en el Código civil español
- El artículo 170 del «Proyecto de Pavía», Ensayo de un punto de encuentro en la diversidad de tendencias y la controversia sobre la pena contractual. Consideraciones introductorias al examen del Derecho comparado
- Pena y fijación anticipada del daño
- Panorámica de Derecho comparado
- Conclusiones del análisis del Derecho comparado y examen de algunos textos
- La revisión judicial de la cláusula penal en el Código civil español; confrontación con la solución del Proyecto Pavía y otras en Derecho comparado
- El carácter del artículo 1154 CC
- La revisión casacional de la moderación judicial
- El Juez «modificará», el Juez «podrá moderar»
- Criterios y alcance de la moderación
- La cláusula penal inferior al daño
- Consideraciones conclusivas acerca de la posición del Derecho español en el contexto europeo
- Cláusula penal y cláusula abusiva
- Interés moratorio excesivo
- Abuso y exceso, nulidad y moderación en la jurisprudencia menor
- Bibliografía
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