Modelo organizativo
Author | VÍctor M. Sánchez (Dir.) - Maria Julia Barceló |
Pages | 99-106 |
Page 99
El aparato orgánico de la UE, visto desde una perspectiva histórica, ha estado sujeto a tres grandes corrientes de transformación:
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Ha tendido a la unificación de su estructura institucional. En un princi-pio, cada una de las organizaciones originarias que se integran en la UE (la CE y la CEEA, antes también, la CECA) tenía una estructura organizativa propia. Actualmente, con las modificaciones sucesivas de sus tratados originarios, se ha logrado la unificación del marco institucional básico de estas organizaciones y de los otros dos marcos de cooperación política europea de la Unión (PESC y CPJP).
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Ha ampliado de modo continuado los órganos para alcanzar las finalidades de la Unión en sus diferentes fases. El aumento de las competencias y finalidades de la UE ha tenido como consecuencia lógica la proliferación de los órganos de que se sirve la Unión para su despliegue.
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Finalmente, el sistema orgánico creado ha mejorado lentamente, pero de manera sostenida, la aplicación de los criterios de buena gobernanza y democracia en su funcionamiento. La mayor participación del Parlamento Europeo en los procesos decisorios es un ejemplo de democratización de las maneras de operar del sistema, como también la creación de órganos como el Tribunal de Cuentas (que asegura la transparencia fiscal) o el Defensor del Pueblo Europeo (que aumenta los mecanismos de participación política de los ciudadanos de la UE y de tutela de sus derechos). La presente lección tiene como objetivo hacer una aproximación dogmática a las diferentes lógicas que vertebran la estructura orgánica de la Unión.
Page 100
La evolución institucional del proceso de integración europea refleja una tendencia continuada hacia la unificación institucional. En 1957, la creación de la CEE y de la CECA incorporó también un Tratado de unificación de la Asamblea europea y del TJCE21. Nunca hubo, pues, tres parlamentos europeos o tres tribunales de justicia. Pero en 1957 la estructura institucional de las Comunidades sí contenía tres «instituciones independientes» de los estados miembros: la Alta Autoridad de la CECA, la Comisión de la CEE y la Comisión de la EURATOM; y tres Consejos, uno para cada Comunidad. Y también se mantenía un Consejo Económico y Social para la CEE y la EURATOM, y otro Comité Consultivo con funciones parecidas para la CECA.
La unificación de la Comisión y del Consejo se abordó más tarde, con un tratado de 1965, que estableció el Consejo y la Comisión única —las mismas personas ejercían como comisarios para las tres Comunidades—, una administración única, un presupuesto único, etcétera22. Después, el TUE, que establece la UE, ha consolidado esta línea de evolución del marco institucional único para el conjunto de la UE. Así, su art. 3 indica expresamente lo siguiente:«La Unión tendrá un marco institucional único que garantizará la coherencia y la continuidad de las acciones llevadas a cabo para alcanzar sus objetivos [...]»
Este marco institucional único queda precisado en el art. 5 TUE:«El Parlamento Europeo, el Consejo, la Comisión, el Tribunal de Justicia y el Tribunal de Cuentas ejercerán sus competencias en las condiciones y para los fines previstos, por una parte, en las disposiciones de los Tratados constitutivos de las Comunidades Europeas y de los Tratados y actos subsiguientes que los han modificado o completado y, por otra parte, en las demás disposiciones del presente Tratado.»
Los tratados constitutivos de cada comunidad (arts. 7 TCE y 3 TCEEA) denominan a estos cinco órganos ‘instituciones’. Con esta terminología se hace hincapiéPage 101en su carácter de órganos principales de la Unión y en la independencia recíproca que muestran en su...
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- Lecciones de derecho de la Unión Europea
- ¿Qué es la Unión Europea?
- Presentación
- Glosario
- Configuración histórica de la Unión Europea
- Miembros y ampliación
- Objetivos
- Pilares
- Competencias
- Cooperación reforzada
- Modelo organizativo
- Comisión
- Consejo de la Unión Europea
- Parlamento Europeo
- Tribunal de Justicia de las Comunidades Europeas y otros tribunales
- Otros órganos
- ¿Cómo se crea derecho en la UE?
- Presupuesto
- Ordenamiento jurídico comunitario (I): derecho primario, principios generales y acuerdos internacionales
- Ordenamiento jurídico comunitario (II): derecho derivado
- Otras fuentes del derecho de la UE
- Relaciones entre el derecho comunitario y los ordenamientos jurídicos de los estados miembros
- Tutela judicial (I): competencia contenciosa
- Tutela judicial (II): competencia consultiva, prejudicial y arbitral
- Vías no jurisdiccionales de tutela de los derechos de los particulares
- Mercado interior (I): libre circulación de mercancías
- Mercado interior (II): libre circulación de trabajadores
- Mercado interior (III): derecho de establecimiento y libre prestación de servicios
- Mercado interior (IV): libre circulación de capitales y pagos
- Anexo
- Lecturas recomendadas
- Indice de jurisprudencia
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