Vías no jurisdiccionales de tutela de los derechos de los particulares
Author | VÍctor M. Sánchez (Dir.) - Maria Julia Barceló |
Pages | 267-273 |
Page 267
Además de las vías jurisdiccionales de tutela del derecho de la Unión que acabamos de ver, los particulares tienen a su disposición otros medios para la defensa de sus derechos que no pasan por la activación del sistema judicial comunitario. Estos mecanismos son más flexibles —y menos costosos— que las vías jurisdiccionales, aunque, en contrapartida, ofrecen una satisfacción más condicionada por la buena voluntad de las administraciones competentes (nacionales o comunitarias).
Las vías no jurisdiccionales de tutela de sus derechos e intereses que pueden utilizar los particulares de la Unión (tanto ciudadanos como empresas) para intentar obtener una reparación de sus derechos lesionados son: i) La queja ante la Comisión Europea; ii) El acceso ante el Defensor del Pueblo Europeo, y iii) El derecho de petición ante el Parlamento Europeo.
Cualquier persona puede poner en conocimiento de la Comisión que un estado miembro ha incumplido el derecho comunitario. La presentación de una queja no requiere casi ninguna formalidad. Se puede presentar ante la Secretaría General de la Comisión o ante el servicio responsable por razón de la materia. No se requiere abogado, aunque siempre es aconsejable que haya asesoramiento especializado. La Comisión, por otra parte, ha publicado un formulario para las denuncias que se le presentan —de utilización facultativa— que facilita el ejercicio de este derecho.
Page 268
La presentación de la queja abre un procedimiento en el seno de la Comisión Europea, que puede dar lugar a la apertura de la fase precontenciosa del recurso por incumplimiento (Lección 20). De todos modos, cabe recordar que la Comisión goza de una discrecionalidad absoluta para decidir si abre o no la fase precontenciosa, de la misma manera que también dispone de esta discrecionalidad en el momento de decidir si, una vez cerrada aquella, presenta o no demanda ante el Tribunal. Los particulares no pueden forzar que la Comisión inicie una actuación contra el estado sospechoso de haber infringido una disposición del derecho comunitario.
El 7 de marzo del 2002, el entonces Defensor del Pueblo Europeo, Jacob Söderman, envió una carta al presidente del PE (en aquel momento, el británico Pat Cox) en relación con el proyecto de decisión relativo a la creación, organización y funcionamiento de la Oficina Europea de Selección de Personal (EPSO), para la regulación del acceso a la función pública comunitaria. Tomando como base este proyecto, el Defensor del Pueblo manifestaba al presidente del PE su sorpresa ante la inclusión, en el texto, de una disposición que permitía imponer límites de edad para acceder a la función pública comunitaria. Gracias a su acción, esta disposición fue modificada en el proyecto definitivo. Se trata de un buen ejemplo de las funciones no judiciales de tutela de los derechos de los individuos frente a la administración de la Unión que ejerce el Defensor del Pueblo Europeo.
La figura del Defensor del Pueblo Europeo se basa en la figura del ombudsman —de origen nórdico (Suecia 1809)— que después de la II Guerra Mundial se ha trasladado a numerosos ordenamientos nacionales como medio no judicial de control de la actuación de la administración y defensa de los derechos de los ciudadanos. Aunque el titular es nombrado por el PE, actúa con independencia...
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- Lecciones de derecho de la Unión Europea
- ¿Qué es la Unión Europea?
- Presentación
- Glosario
- Configuración histórica de la Unión Europea
- Miembros y ampliación
- Objetivos
- Pilares
- Competencias
- Cooperación reforzada
- Modelo organizativo
- Comisión
- Consejo de la Unión Europea
- Parlamento Europeo
- Tribunal de Justicia de las Comunidades Europeas y otros tribunales
- Otros órganos
- ¿Cómo se crea derecho en la UE?
- Presupuesto
- Ordenamiento jurídico comunitario (I): derecho primario, principios generales y acuerdos internacionales
- Ordenamiento jurídico comunitario (II): derecho derivado
- Otras fuentes del derecho de la UE
- Relaciones entre el derecho comunitario y los ordenamientos jurídicos de los estados miembros
- Tutela judicial (I): competencia contenciosa
- Tutela judicial (II): competencia consultiva, prejudicial y arbitral
- Vías no jurisdiccionales de tutela de los derechos de los particulares
- Mercado interior (I): libre circulación de mercancías
- Mercado interior (II): libre circulación de trabajadores
- Mercado interior (III): derecho de establecimiento y libre prestación de servicios
- Mercado interior (IV): libre circulación de capitales y pagos
- Anexo
- Lecturas recomendadas
- Indice de jurisprudencia
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